PGDPHN, PhD Public Health and Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Anthropology and Tribal Studies, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia,West Bengal 723104, IndiaIndia
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Background It was known that menarche plays a significant role to change body composition during adolescence. And there is a paucity of information on body composition in relation to pre- and post-menarcheal status on comparative manner among the tribal adolescence girls of West Bengal, India. Objectives To assess the body composition and compare the relative distribution of fat between the pre- and post-menarcheal girls and to explore the impact of body composition on menarcheal status among the Sabar tribal adolescence girls of the Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted from three different blocks of Purulia district during June 2019 to December 2019. A total of 65 adolescence girls were randomly selected from the aged between 10 to 18-years. Among them, 34 girls were post-menarche stage and 31 girls were pre-menarche stage. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, triceps and sub-scapular skinfolds) were measured. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U-test, Binary logistic regression were performed through SPSS version 25. Results It was depicted that significant differences were found in all anthropometric and body composition characteristics between the pre and post menarche state. The mean values of percent body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) in pre-menarche girls were 14.61%, 4.45 kg, 24.35 kg, 2.33 kg/m2 and 13.08 kg/m2, respectively. Similarly, the mean values of PBF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI in post-menarche girls were 20.37%, 8.07 kg, 31.00 kg, 3.70 kg/m2 and 14.29 kg/m2, respectively. The results of Spearman correlation coefficients (r) showed that the body composition measures were significantly correlated with the anthropometric variables except FFM and FFMI among the post-menarche girls. Menarcheal status of the Sabar tribal adolescent girls of Purulia district was pretentious of PBF and FFM. Conclusion The body composition characteristics were significantly different between pre- and post-menarche-state. So, further study in larger augmentation is required to validate the present findings.
Keywords: India; Tribes; Sabar girls; Menarche; Body composition
It was known that menarche plays a significant role to change body composition during adolescence. And there is a paucity of information on body composition in relation to pre- and post-menarcheal status on comparative manner among the tribal adolescence girls of West Bengal, India.
To assess the body composition and compare the relative distribution of fat between the pre- and post-menarcheal girls and to explore the impact of body composition on menarcheal status among the Sabar tribal adolescence girls of the Purulia district, West Bengal, India.
The present cross-sectional study was conducted from three different blocks of Purulia district during June 2019 to December 2019. A total of 65 adolescence girls were randomly selected from the aged between 10 to 18-years. Among them, 34 girls were post-menarche stage and 31 girls were pre-menarche stage. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, triceps and sub-scapular skinfolds) were measured. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U-test, Binary logistic regression were performed through SPSS version 25.
It was depicted that significant differences were found in all anthropometric and body composition characteristics between the pre and post menarche state. The mean values of percent body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI) in pre-menarche girls were 14.61%, 4.45 kg, 24.35 kg, 2.33 kg/m2 and 13.08 kg/m2, respectively. Similarly, the mean values of PBF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI in post-menarche girls were 20.37%, 8.07 kg, 31.00 kg, 3.70 kg/m2 and 14.29 kg/m2, respectively. The results of Spearman correlation coefficients (r) showed that the body composition measures were significantly correlated with the anthropometric variables except FFM and FFMI among the post-menarche girls. Menarcheal status of the Sabar tribal adolescent girls of Purulia district was pretentious of PBF and FFM.
The body composition characteristics were significantly different between pre- and post-menarche-state. So, further study in larger augmentation is required to validate the present findings.
India; Tribes; Sabar girls; Menarche; Body composition.
cc Copyright 2022 by Biswas S. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which 2 2
enarche is a state that is started after the first occurrence of menstruation. It’s major role on the development of both M 1,2 physical and sexual health. In general, menarche is started after significant skeletal maturity,3 and occurs during 6-months to 1-year after reaching the maximum growth spurt or peak height velocity.4 The onset of menstruation impacts to physiological 3 5 and psychological3 changes in a woman’s reproductive life.5 Many studies reported age at menarche is influenced by nutrition, body composition, socio-economic and physical factors.6,7 Earlier studies mentioned that onset of menarche tended to occur later in girls who consumed vegetarian diet.8-10 In contrast, another study found socio-economic factor such as occupation, education, and household income of the parents were not related to the age at menarche.11 More importantly, menarche is influenced by genetic, environmental and socio-economic factors, which produce significant variation between population. There was a vast variation of affecting factors on age at menarche. Menarcheal age was associated with nutritional factors, which influence the age at menarche mainly through their effects on accumulation of adipose tissue.14 It is recognized that body size and body composition are strong predictors of the initiation of menarche.15 It was documented that mean age at menarche has been decreasing 4-months per decade and menarcheal age stabilized at 12.8-years th 16 by the mid 20th Century.16 Age at menarche is lower in developed countries than the developing countries. This difference is generally happened due to differences of socio-economic condition, particularly nutrition.17 While adolescent girls decrease their physical activity during puberty, their weight is increases and its impact on fatness and menarche occurs due to leptin secreation.18 The process of biological maturation influences the anthropometric 19,20 characteristics. The adolescent period, including puberty is a unique period of hormonal, psychological, cognitive and physical changes and these changes have to face with emotional, social and 21,22 behavioral dimensions. Puberty become faster and reach menarche at an earlier age among overweight girls. Among the thin girls, if menarche is started earlier then there is a trend to gain weight rapidly.25 Earlier age at menarche had also related with higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin and a worse lipid profile during adulthood.26
According to census 2011, the tribal population was 8.6% of the total population of India. The Sabar is one of the primitive Mundari speaking tribe widely spread over hill regions of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. A total of 40 tribal groups are found in West Bengal and Sabar is one of the major tribe in this state. They are mainly concentrated in Purulia, Bankura and Midnapur distract and adjoining areas.27 According to the census 2011, the total population of Sabar in West Bengal and Purulia district were 40374 and 6914, respectively.27
Different studies had been shown that the significant difference in body composition between pre- and post-menarcheal girls and these differences vary from racial to racial group. It is evident that the amount of body fat in post menarcheal Bengali girls had greater than their counterpart. It is well established that anthropometric measurement like skinfold thickness is an useful indicator to assess body composition in all age groups.33 An earlier study reported that the anthropometric and body composition characteristics had significantly higher mean values in menarcheal group than pre-menarcheal group.32 In view the above facts, the present study was undertaken to compare the body composition characteristics between pre-menarcheal and post-menarcheal girls and to find out the impact of body composition on menarcheal status of the adolescence girls of the Sabar tribe of Purulia district, West Bengal, India.
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This cross-sectional study was carried out during June 2019 to December 2019 on the Sabars community at three different blocks (Barabazar, Banwan and Manbazar-II) under the Purulia district 4,12,13 of West Bengal, India. These blocks are highly Sabar concentrated area of the district. The study area is situated at the border of area of Jharkhand and West Bengal. All three blocks are situated approximately 225-255 km away from Kolkata, the provincial capital of West Bengal.
The data were collected from three different blocks of Purulia district, West Bengal. The participants were selected from all girls above the age of 10-years-old for the present study. Mean age at menarche was almost 13-years age (12.87-year). During analyzing the data, we eliminated the data from above 15-years age and before 11-years age and also there were another reason that we were selected before and after two years from mean age at menarche. This short age range was designed to minimize the effect of age on anthropometric traits. The final sample size included in the analysis is 65 individuals. The estimated sample size (26 from each group) was computed by standard formula: . Where, ni is the sam- 23,24 ple size required in each group, value of z at 97% confidence interval is 2.17. Standard deviation (σ) is 5 of PBF, and E is the margin of error (3). Age of the girls were ascertained from the birth certificate. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional ethical committee of SKB University prior to conduct the survey.
All are anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained girl. Height was taken using Martins anthropometric rod to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight was taken using spring balance weighing machine to the nearest 0.5 kg. Skinfold measurement such as Triceps (TRISKF), Biceps (BISKF) and sub-scapular skinfold (SUBSSKF) thickness were measured to the nearest 0.2 mm using Holtain skinfold calliper.
Assessment of body composition: Percent body fat (PDF) were calculated with two skinfold thickness i.e. Triceps skinfold (TRISKF), 28-30 sub-scapular skinfold (SUBSSKF). PBF derive using standard Formulae developed by Slaughter et al.34 These equations were: 31,32 Girls: PBF=1.33 (TRISKF+SUBSSKF)-0.013 (TRISKF+SUBSS-
KF)-2-2.5
The fat mass (FM) was calculated following the standard equation:
FM=(PBF/100)×body weight (kg).35
FFM=Body weight (kg)-FM (kg).35
The FM and fat free mass (FFM) were then divided by height-squared in meter to assess the fat mass index (FMI) and fatfree mass index (FFMI), respectively.
Statistically analysis: Mean age at menarche was calculated through descriptive study. Due to small sample size and non-normal distribution non-parametric test were employed. Independent sample Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to test significance difference between pre- and post-menarche state. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric and body composition variables and binary logistic regression were used to identify the variables which were impacts on menarcheal status. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for social sciences (IBM® SPSS, version-25).
Table 1. Anthropometric Characteristics Among the
Weight (kg) 28.30 (6.34) 39.07 (4.96) 10.26 117.0 Height (cm) 135.90 (7.70) 147.13 (4.97) 11.22 124.0 BMI (kg/m ) 15.43 (1.96) 17.99 (1.56) 2.56 164.0 TRISKF (mm) 7.65 (3.03) 10.84 (2.91) 3.19 192.0 SUBSSKF (mm) 7.92 (3.10) 11.53 (4.10) 3.60 243.0 Level of significance ***=p<0.001
Table 2. Descriptive Statistics on Body Composition Measurer Among Pre and Post-Menarcheal Sabar Girls
PBF (%) 14.61 (4.86) 20.37 (4.04) 5.75 182.0 FM (kg) 4.45 (2.52) 8.07 (2.30) 3.62 138.0 FFM (kg) 24.35 (4.10) 31.00 (3.33) 6.65 117.0 FMI (kg/m ) 2.33 (1.76) 3.70 (1.53) 1.37 166.5 FFMI (kg/m ) 13.08 (1.07) 14.29 (1.09) 1.21 234.5 Level of significance ***=p<0.001
Table 3. Spearman’s Rho Correlation Coefficient between Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition Variables of the Pre-Menarche and Post-Menarche Girls
Weight 0.688** 0.889** 0.983** 0.796** 0.832** 0.458** 0.750** 0.885** 0.690** 0.667** Height 0.602** 0.793** 0.900** 0.639** 0.594** 0.425* 0.589** 0.522** 0.465** 0.051 BMI 0.644** 0.800** 0.875** 0.808** 0.945** 0.396* 0.643** 0.809** 0.658** 0.855** TRISKF 0.918** 0.814** 0.476** 0.843** SUBSSKF 0.931** 0.913** 0.623** 0.943** 0.565** 0.891** 0.839** 0.066 0.865** -0.048 Statistically significant level=*p<0.05, **p<0.001.
The mean (SD) age at menarche was 12.87 (±0.92) years among the Sabar adolescence girls of Purulia districts. Out of 65 girls, 34 girls were pre-menarche stage and 31 girls were post-menarche stage. The mean values of anthropometric and body composition measurers were higher among post menarche girls compare to pre-menarche girls. The mean difference between pre-menarche and post-menarche girls of the height, weight, BMI, TRISKF, SUBSSKF were 10.26 kg, 11.22 cm, 2.56 kg/m2, 3.19 mm and 3.60 mm respectively (Table 1).
Table 2 indicates body composition characteristics i.e.
PBF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI among the studied girls. It was noticed that the post menarche girls had significantly higher mean values of body composition measurers than pre-menarche girls. The mean difference between pre- and post-menarcheal girls of PBF, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI were 5.75%, 3.62 kg, 6.65 kg, 1.37 2 2 kg/m2 and 1.21 kg/m2 respectively. All body composition measurers showed significant differences between pre-menarche and post-menarche girls (p value<0.001).
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Table 3 represents the Spearman’s rho correlation coef-
Pre Menarcheal and Post-Menarcheal Sabar Girls
*** *** 2 *** *** ***
*** *** *** 2 *** 2 ***
0.333 0.665** 0.627** 0.211 0.605** -0.001
ficients between anthropometric measurements and body composition characteristics. Among the pre-menarche girls, all body composition measurers were significantly correlated with anthropometric characteristics except TRISKF with FFMI. But among post menarche girls, FFM and FFMI were not significantly correlated with TRISKF and SUBSSKF. On the other hand, height was also not correlated with FFMI.
Binary logistic regression has been performed to assess the impact of body composition measurers on their menarcheal status. The model is contained four body composition variable (PBF, FM, FFM and FMI). We have excluded FFMI by step forward. Though sample size is small. The model as a whole explained between 47.5% (Cox and Snell R square) and 63.3 % (Nagelkerke R squared) of the variance in menarcheal status, and overall correctly classified 83.1% of cases (Table 4). In the Table 5, only two variables made a statistically significant contribution to the model (PBF and FFM) (p value<0.001) and most predictors variable was PBF (OR 3.677) followed by FFM (2.018).
In the present study it was found that the all body composition measurers and anthropometric characteristics were significantly different between pre- and post-menarche girls. Similar results 32,36 reported by earlier studies. Majority of anthropometric characteristics were positively correlated with body composition characteristics among pre-menarcheal girls. In post menarcheal girls, height with FFMI and TRISKF and SUBSKF were not correlated. BMI has a high correlation with total body fat and percentage of body fat in children and adults.37 Increase in fat mass and body weight was the main fact behind these differences.36 Moreover, FFM had greater impact on menarcheal status other than all body composition characteristics as found in the present study. Silimarly,
Table 5. Results of Logistic Regression Analysis Between Dependent and Independent Variables
PBF 1.302 0.632 4.252 FM -0.611 1.269 0.232 FFM 0.702 0.278 6.373 FMI -4.503 2.875 2.452 Constant -25.383 9.870 6.614 *Dependent variable-menarcheal status; Predictor variable: PBF, FM, FFM, FMI B: Regression coefficient, SE: Standard error of B, DF: Degree of freedom, OR: Odds ratio PBF also had an impacts on menarcheal status but early menarche, longer reproductive years, and menopause were significantly associated with increased body fatness, which was assessed by BMI, waist circumference, PBF and abdominal fat.38 More importantly, weight, height, abdominal and suprailiac skinfolds were associated with the onset of menstruation. But after controlling for age and body weight, timing of menarche were not associated with total dietary energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate intakes.8 FFM and fat mass were significantly greater mean value in the pubertal group than pre-pubertal group.39
In the present study, the mean age at menarche was 15,40 12.87-years which is similar with other studies but greater than a another report.41 It was well documented that there is significant difference in body composition and onset of menarcheal age between low and high socio-economic class. In high economic class, both values are higher in compared to low socio-economic class.42 The initiation of puberty with menarche is directly related with BMI, fat mass, and leptin and only as a partial modifier of menarche in terms of a discrete acceleration of menarche in overweight and obese girls. Many studies were reported the association of body size menarcheal age and of body fat as measured by 11,14,17 BMI. There is tend to occur first menstruation is related to the fat deposition in both lower and upper body region. While changes in lower body part (hips circumference and pelvis breadth) tended to peak preceding first menstruation and changes in upper body part (triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness) is reached peaked in the year following first menstruation. Leptin works as a regulator of body weight and serum level which are strongly associated with both BMI and fat mass. Higher BMI and PBF in girls were more advanced in their maturation status compared to girls with low BMI and PBF. Peak mass or BMI of pre-menarche girls are increased during onset of menarche which are not affected as much compared to the post-menarche groups’ BMI. Body
Table 4. Classification Table of the Cases
Pre-menarche 28 6 82.4 Menarche Post-menarche 5 26 83.9 status Overall percentage 83.1 The cut value is 0.500
1 0.039 3.677 1.067 12.679 1 0.630 0.543 0.045 6.525 1 0.012 2.018 1.170 3.481 1 0.117 0.011 0.000 3.105 1 0.010 0.000
fat was not related with menarche independently. Whenever body weight was taken into account, the relationship between skinfold and menarche disappears but body weight and menarche is associated with each other17 but in the present study PBF was related with menarche independently. Although, BMI and body composition parameter (PBF, FM, and FMI) are related each other, as assessment of body fat from skinfolds thickness gives a more direct result of body fat mass.46 All body composition characteristics were significantly higher in post menarcheal girls compared to premenarcheal girls in both Japanese and Caucasian groups.
In conclusion, body composition characteristics were significantly different between pre- and post-menarcheal status among the Sabars tribal girls. Present study found that BMI was highly correlated with PBF and FM. More importantly, FFM and PBF of the body composition characteristics had a significant impact to menarcheal status of the Sabar tribe. Therefore, similar study should be conducted among the girls of the other population in varied setting to understand the pattern of body composition characteristics on pre- and post-menarcheal state.
All subjects who participated in the study are gratefully acknowledged. Authors also thankful to Shiule Gope for data collection. We also grateful to the SKB University and local administrative authorities for their kind help and support.
None.
Yes.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.