Is Salivary Exosome the Answer to Early Detection of Oral Cancer?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/DOJ-2-e002Keywords:
FOXM1; Exosomes; Salivary biomarker, Extracellular vesicles, Non-invasive diagnosis, Oral cancer, SalivaAbstract
The presence of exosomes in almost all bodily fluids including saliva1 represents a promising
surrogate approach to investigate tumour markers. This has important clinical implications for
developing non-invasive salivary diagnostics and therapeutics.2 Human saliva is an ideal fluid for
developing non-invasive diagnostics and salivary biomarkers have been demonstrated in clinical
studies showing promising diagnostic potentials but lacking in sensitivity mostly due to complexity
of saliva.2,3 Hence, this led to the emerging interests on exosomes which are membrane-bound extracellular
vesicles carrying specific membrane proteins with numerous types of nucleic acids4 and
protein cargos,2,5,6 well protected from degradation by extracellular enzymes. Their size (50-150 nm
diameter) is an advantage for purification and reducing the overall complexity of saliva.2 Most of the
salivary exosome studies to date have been restricted to characterization of normal healthy samples.2
Emerging studies began looking at biochemical properties of disease-derived saliva exosomes.2,5,6
So, it seems no brainer that salivary exosome serves as the perfect target for finding a biomarker that
could enable early oral cancer detection by means of a simple saliva test.
References
Gallo A, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Illei GG. The majority of microRNAs detectable in serum and saliva is concentrated in exosomes. ONE. 2012; 7(3): e30679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030679
Principe S, Hui AB, Bruce J, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes and microvesicles in head and neck cancer: Implications for tumor biology and biomarker discovery. Proteomics. 2013; 13(10-11): 1608-1623. doi:
Elashoff D, Zhou H, Reiss J, et al. Prevalidation of salivary biomarkers 2012; 21(4): 664-672. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1093
Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic ex-change between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2007; 9(6): 654-659. doi: 10.1038/ncb1596
Choi DS, Kim DK, Kim YK, Gho YS. Proteomics of extracellular 10.1002/mas.21420
Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C. The origin, function, and diagnostic logical fluids. Front Genet. 2013; 4: 142. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00142
Melo SA, Luecke LB, Kahlert C, et al. Glypican-1 identifies cancer 10.1038/nature14581
Teh MT. FOXM1 coming of age: Time for translation into clinical fonc.2012.00146
Teh MT. Cells brainwashed by FOXM1: Do they have potential
2217/bmm.12.33 Dent Open J PLoS 10.1002/pmic.201200533 for oral cancer detection. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. vesicles: Exosomes and ectosomes. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2014. doi: potential of RNA within extracellular vesicles present in human bio-exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2015. doi: benefits? Frontiers in Oncology. 2012; 2(146): 1-6. doi: 10.3389/ as biomarkers of cancer? Biomark Med. 2012; 6(4): 499-501. doi: Page e4
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Dentistry (DOJ) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
