A Decade of Lipid Profiles: A Gender Focus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/HROJ-3-129Keywords:
Dyslipidemia; Epidemiology; Lipid profile, Metabolic syndrome; Genres.Abstract
Introduction and Objectives: The lipid profile is an important predictor of the risk of coronary
heart disease (CHD). Higher rates of total cholesterol (TC) and cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein
(LDL-C) increase the chances of developing this disease. However, it is known that
women due to hormonal factors would have fewer cardiovascular events. The main objective of
this article is to assess the association among different parameters of the lipid profile between
the different sexes in the population of a city in Brazil.
Methods: This is a descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study based on secondary data
collected in the period from 2003 to 2013 in a medical laboratory in Aracaju, Brazil. The lipid
profile was determined using the following markers: total cholesterol (TC); high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides
(TG). Statistical analysis was performed using measures of central tendency and variance. The
inferential analysis was performed by student’s t test and the p-value was 0.05.
Results: The sample consists of 63,396 people, 24,425 male and 38,971 female, with mean age
of 42.02±17.38 years. The mean value of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride was respectively, 193.39±43.62 mg/dl,
48.80±11.24 mg/dl, 118.35±36.75 mg/dl and 131.28±82.21 mg/dl. Between the genres, it was
observed statistical significant differences between all parameters of lipid profile (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: We concluded that women have higher rates of total cholesterol and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; while men have lower rates of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
higher of triglyceride, which predisposes males to the development of metabolic syndrome.
References
Gus I, Fischmann A, Medina C. Prevalência dos fatores de risco da doença arterial coronariana no estado do rio grande do sul [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002; 78(5): 478-483.
Moreira RO, Santos RD, Martinez L. Perfil lipídico de pa-cientes com alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares na prática clínica diária [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 50(3): 481-489.
Kolankiewicz F, Giovelli FMH, Bellinaso MDL. Estudo do perfil lipídico e da prevalência de dIslipidemias em adultos [In Portuguese]. RBAC. 2008; 40(4): 317-320.
Monteiro CA, Mondini L, Souza ALM, Popkin BM. The nu-trition transition in Brazil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995; 49: 105-113.
Wang S, Xu L, Jonas JB, You QS, Wang YX, Yang H. Preva-lence and associated factors of dyslipidemia in the adult Chinese population. PloS ONE. 2011; 6(3): e17326.
Ministério da Saúde, Ministry of Health. Portaria no. 200. Dislipidemia: Prevenção de eventos cardiovasculares e pancre-atite [In Portuguese]. 2013.
Abrantes MM, Lamounier JA, Colosimo EA. Overweight and obesity prevalence in Northeast and Southeast Regions of Bra-zil. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2003; 49(2): 162-166. doi: 10.1590/ S0104-42302003000200034
Silva MAM, Rivera IR, Ferraz MR, et al. Prevalence of car-diovascular risk factors in child and adolescent students in the city of Maceió. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84(5): 387-392. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500007
Sociedade Brasileira De Cardiologia. V Diretriz Brasileira so-bre dislipidemias e prevenção da aterosclerose [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; 101(4): 1. doi: 10.5935/abc.2013S010
de Moraes SA, Checchio MV, Freitas IC. Dislipidemia e fatores associados em adultos residentes em Ribeirão Preto, SP: Resultados do Projeto EPIDCV [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 57(9): 691-701. doi: 10.1590/S0004- 27302013000900004
Friedwald WT, Levy IR, Friedrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972; 18: 499-502. Web site. http://www.clinchem.org/content/18/6/499. abstract. Accessed August 8, 2016
Guiliano ICB, Coutinho MSSA, Freitas SFT, Pires MMS, Zunino JN, Ribeiro RQC. Lípides séricos em crianças e ado-lescentes de Florianópolis, SC-Estudo Floripa Saudável 2040 [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 85(2): 85-91. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2005001500003
Ribas SA, Silva LCS. Dislipidemia em escolares na rede privada de belém [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009; 92(6): 446-451. doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2009000600006
Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA for Bogalusa Heart Study. Association be-tween multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(23): 1650- 1656. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806043382302
Berenson GS, Bogalusa Heart Study Research Group. Child-hood risk factors predict adult risk associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90(10): L3- L7. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02953-3
Knuiman JT, Hermus RJ, Hautvast JG. Serum total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations in rural and urban boys from 16 countries. Atherosclerosis. 1980; 36: 529-537. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(80)90245-2
Schulpis K, Karikas GA. Serum cholesterol and triglycer-ide distribution in 7767 school-aged Greek children. Pediat-rics. 1998; 101(5): 861-864. Web site. http://pediatrics.aap-publications.org/content/101/5/861?variant=long&sso=1&s so_redirect_count=1&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000- 0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+ No+local+token. Accessed August 8, 2016
Mokha JS, Sathanur R Srinivasan, et al. Utility of waist-to-height ratio in assessing the satatus of central obesity and related cardiometabolic risk profile among normal weight and over-weight/obese children: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2010; 10: 73-79. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-73
Barter PJ, Rye KA. High density lipoproteins and coro-nary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 1996; 121: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(95)05675-0
Relationship of atherosclerosis in young men to serum lipo-protein cholesterol concentrations and smoking. A preliminary report from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group. JAMA. 1990; 264(23): 3018- 3024. doi: 10.1001/jama.1990.03450230054029
Costa GB. Impacto da mudança de estilo de vida no perfil pro-aterosclerótico em crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade [In Portuguese]. Tese de Doutorado. 2007. doi: 10.11606/T.5.2007.tde-02042007-144931
Lima SC, Arrais RF, Almeida MG, Souza ZM, Pedrosa LF. Plasma lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in overweight or obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004; 80(1): 23-28. doi: 10.2223/JPED.1129
Pozzan R, Pozzan R, Magalhaes MEC, Brandão AA, Brandão AP. Dislipidemia, síndrome metabólica e risco cardio-vascular [In Portuguese]. Revista SOCERJ. 2004; 17(2): 97-104.
Williams RR, Hopkins PN, Hunt SC, et al. Population based frequency of dyslipidemia syndromes in coronary prone families in Utah. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 582-588. doi: 10.1001/ archinte.1990.00390150076015
Austin MA, McKnight B, Edwards KL, et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality in familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia: A 20-year prospective study. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2777-2782. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.24.2777
National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP III]. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report 2002. Web site. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Accessed Au-gust 8, 2016
Frost PH, Havel RJ. Rationale for use of non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol rather than low density lipoprotein cho-lesterol as a tool for lipoprotein cholesterol screening and as-sessment of risk and therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 81: 26B-31B.
Wilson PWF, Grundy SM. The metabolic syndrome: A prac-tical guide to origins and treatment: Part II. Circulation. 2003; 108(13): 1537-1540. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000089506.12223. F1
Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density li-poprotein cholesterol level: A meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996; 3: 213-219. doi: 10.1177/174182679600300214
Cui Y, Blumenthal RS, Flaws JA, et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 1413-1419. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.11.1413
Moraes SA, Suzuki CS, Freitas ICM, Costa ML Jr. Mor-talidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, de 1980 a 2004 [In Portuguese]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009; 93(6): 637-644.
García-Lorda P, Bulló M, Balanza R, Salas-Salvadó. C-reactive protein, adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mediterranean population. Int J Obesity. 2006; 30: 468-474. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803182
Araki MVR, Barros C, Santos EG. Análise do perfil lipídico de crianças e adolescentes do estado de Sergipe [In Portuguese]. Scientia Plena. 2010; 6(12): 126002-1-126002-6. Web site. https://www.scientiaplena.org.br/sp/article/viewFile/328/96. Accessed August 8, 2016
Carvalho DF, Paiva AA, Melo AS, et al. Blood lipid lev-els and nutritional status of adolescents [In Portuguese]. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2007; 10: 491-498. doi: 10.1590/S1415- 790X2007000400007
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Heart Research (HROJ) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.