Three-Dimensional Printing-Generated Realistic Anatomy Models and Virtual Endoscopy-Enhanced Intravascular Assessment of Pathologies

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a widely used
technique showing many medical applications which range
from orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery to cardiovascular disease
and tumor imaging.1-10 Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) data-generated 3D printed realistic
models have been confirmed to accurately replicate normal
anatomical structures and depict pathological changes including a
demonstration of complex pathologies such as complicated cardiovascular
disease.7-11 3D printed models also serve as a useful
tool for pre-surgical planning, simulation of surgical procedures,
training medical students and young doctors, and enhancing patient-
doctor communications