Poonch Campus, University of Jammu.
Division of Agriculture Extension and Communication, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST Kashmir 192301, J&K UT India.India
Division of Sericulture, SKUAST Jammu.
Also available as PDF (figures and tables appear in the PDF).
The study on the yield gaps in cocoon production was taken up at farmer’s level in Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir UT. A total of 210 samples were drawn from three districts under study at random. The magnitudes of yield gaps were quantified and the possible reasons for such existence were reported. In the case of cocoon yield production, the gap was high in the local adopted group as compared to recommended/control group which was mainly due to higher adoption of recommended technologies and better allocation of resources. The study suggests that extension agents should educate the marginal farmers on the importance of adoption of recommended sericulture technologies to get higher benefits in sericulture.
Keywords: yield gap; cocoon production; sericulture; silkworm rearing; Jammu; yieldgap; cocoonproduction; silkwormrearing
2.Introduction bottleneckoftheproblemistoincreasethecocoon outputperunitofinputandtherebyreducesthegaps TheunionterritoryofJammuandKashmirisworld betweenachievablecocoonyieldatfieldlevel.Never- famousforproducingqualitybivoltinesilkinthecoun- theless,toproducequalitycocoons,farmersneedto tryduetoitslongerlength,betterstrengthandshine acquireknowledgeaboutnewtechnologiesandalso mainlybecauseofconductiveclimaticconditions.Ser- showinteresttoadoptsuchtechnologiesinthefield. icultureindustryhasbeenoneofthemainpillarsof Itisobservedthatmostofthefarmersarereluctant ruraleconomyengagingpeopleinalongchainofin- toadoptrecommendednewtechnologiesduetovar- terdependent,specializedoperationswhichprovidea ioussocio-economicandbioticfactors(Lakshmanan meansoflivelihoodtoalargesectionofpeople.Presently etal.,1998). Thisnotonlyresultsinreducedproduc- morethan27,000familiesareassociatedwiththisin- tivitybuteven95percentoftotalcocoonsproduced dustryandannuallyaround800MTofcocoonispro- bythefarmersdonotmeetthequalitystandards.The duced generating an annual income of about Rs.19 farmerswhodonotadoptsuchtechnologieswould croreandtherawsilkproductionof146MT.However generallylosehigherincomeinsericultureandassuch outoftotalproductionofcocoonseveryyearonly20– fetchlowdividends(Lakshmanan,1998).Itappearsun- 25percentisbeingconsumedwithintheUTandthe believablethatwithmanytechnologiesavailableinthe restisexported. InUTofJ&K,silkwormrearinghas shapeofpackageofpractices,booklets,leaflets,beit beenpracticedsincelongandithasestablishedaname fromrearingormulberrycultivationpointofviewand foritstabbysilk,silkcarpetsandsilkproducts.Inview theassistancebeingextendedtorearersthroughSeri- ofitsimportance,governmentofJ&Kestablishedseri- cultureDevelopmentDepartment(Jammu&Kashmir cultureasindustryin1898forprovidingsourceofin- Govt.)intheshapeofrearingshedsorrearingkits,the comeandemploymenttolargenumberofpoorland- rearersstillcontinuetoharvestlesscocooncrop/ounce lesspeople.AmongvarioussericulturestatesofIndia, ofseedandyieldgapbetweenthelabandlandisstill J&KistheoldestsilkrearingUTproducingbivoltine wideningwhichisindeedamatterofconcern.Sericul- silkandhasaround5000acresoflandundermulberry tureplaysakeyroleintheupliftmentofruralpopula- plantation.Outof20districts,sericultureispracticed tionbothsociallyandeconomically(Sreenivasaand in12districtsin3159villageswhichaccountsfor46.74 Hiriyanna,2014).So,manysericulturaltechnologies percentofthetotalnumberofvillages(EconomicSur- havebeendevelopedandtheirrecommendationshave vey,J&KGovt.2024–25).
beenmadetoimprovetheproductivityandqualityof ThehistoryofsericultureinJammuregiondatesback cocoonatfarmer’slevel(Kushwaha,2013).Inspiteof to about hundred years with three distinct climatic well-developedextensionnetworktotransferthetech- zonesviz.,sub-tropical,intermediateandtemperate. nologiestothefarmers,thereisawidegapinproduc- ThemajorsilkproducingdistrictsofJammuregionin- tivityofthecocoonbetweenlaboratorytolanddueto cludes: Rajouri,Udhampur,Kathua,Doda,Kishtwar, nonorpartialadoptionofimprovedsericulturaltech- Samba,RambanandReasi.Twocommercialrearings nologies.Asaconsequencefarmer’saregettingvery areconductedi.e.,oneinspring(February–March)and lowreturnsduetolowproductivityandpoorquality otherinautumn(August–September).TheUTproduced ofcocoonsascomparedtootheragriculturecropsand about800MTofcocoonsduring2019–20withincome thereforelookingforothercropsoravenuesforbetter generationofaboutRs25.00croreunderpre-cocoon incomeandproportionatereturnoftheirlabour.There sector and an estimated Rs 30.00 crore under post- aremanyimprovedtechnologiesdevelopedinsericul- cocoon/yarnproductionexcludingvalueadditionsin tureatafastpaceinthelastthreedecades. Proper silkenfabric/productssales(Dar etal.,2024).Cocoon adoptionofthesemodifiedandinnovativetechnolo- isanintermediateproductforsilkproductionandit giesbythefarmersisvitalforobtaininghigherandbet- hasadirectbearingonthequantitativeandqualita- teryieldandtherebyreducingtheyieldgapincocoon tivevariationinsilkproduction.Varyingedaphicand production.Thesuccessofanytechnologylargelyde- climaticconditionswithintheregionsclubbedwithdif- pendsonitseffectiveadoptionandutilizationinthe ferentlevelsofeconomicconditionsamongthefarm- field.Providingsericultureknowledgetofarmersisthe ingpopulationandsinglecropsystemalsoaffectsthe needofhourforchangingtheirattitudes, skillsand cocoonproductionresultingslowgrowthofsericulture adoptionlevelwhichareessentialcomponentsofrural development.ThoughcocoonproductioninJammu development(Gowda etal.,1992). Thegapbetween divisionhasincreasedtosomeextentintherecentpast thepotentialandactualyieldinmulberrycultureis butstillthereisawidegapbetweentheactualyield verywide.Oneofimportantfactorisattributedtobeig- obtainedbytherearersandtheproductionlevelactu- noranceandnon-adoptionofimprovedrecommended allypossiblewiththeavailabletechnology.Hence,the technologies.Theproductivitydependsontheextent 2.1.3.4Diseaseincidence(%) towhichfarmersadoptnewtechnologies(Kumari et Itreferstototalnumberofdiseasedsilkwormsfrom al.,2006).Keepinginviewtheabovementionedfacts, eachlocationofthedistrictandwasestimatedfornum- thepresentstudyentitled,“AnalysisofYieldGapsin berofwormsrearedbythefarmer.Thecroplosswas cocoonproduction:ACrossSectionalStudyinJammu calculatedinbothspringandautumnseasonssepa- District”wastakenwithanaimtogeneratethebasic ratelyduring2019&2020.Diseasedlarvaedepicting informationregardingthefactorscausingsuchgapsin differentmicrobialsymptomswerecollectedandsub- cocoonproductionatthefieldlevel.
jectedtomicroscopicexamination.Thediseaseswere identifiedonthebasisofexternalsymptoms. Material&Methods Diseaseincidence(%) = Seventysilkwormrearersfromeachdistrictwereadopted Numberofdiseasedlarvainalot × 100 duringspringrearingwhileinautumnthenumbervar- rd Totalnumberoflarvaafter3 moultinalot ied.Thestudywasconductedforaperiodoftwoyears 2.1.3.5Singlecocoonweight(g) (2019&2020)duringspring(March–April)andautumn (August–September)rearingseason.Primarydataof Twentyfivemaleandtwentyfivefemalecocoonswere therespondentsforrecordingvarioussocio-economic selectedrandomlyfromagivenlotandweighedona parametersandadoptionofimprovedmulberryplanta- digitalbalancetodetermineaveragecocoonweight tionandsilkwormrearingtechnologiesineachdistrict usingthefollowingformula: wascollectedbyconductinganinterviewintheform Singlecocoonweight = ofquestionnaire.Wet&drythermometerwasusedto weightof25malecocoon(g)+weightof25femalecocoon(g) recordtemperatureandhumidityintherearingrooms Totalnumberofcocoons(50) oftherespondentsanddiseaseincidencepercentage wasrecordedineachdistrictduringspringandautumn 2.1.3.6Singleshellweight(g) seasons. Silkwormrearingwasconductedinallthe Twentymaleandtwentyfivefemalecocoonshellswere threedistrictswherein35potentialfarmersfromeach selectedrandomlyfromagivenlotandweighedona districtwereadoptedandconductedrearingaccording digitalbalancetodetermineaveragecocoonweight torecommendedrearingpracticemethods(P1)while usingthefollowingformula: 35farmersfromsamedistrictfollowedlocalrearing practicemethods(P0).Variousrearingparametersof Singleshellweight(g) = eachsilkwormrearerwererecorded. Withindistrict weightof25malecocoonshells(g)+25femalecocoonshells(g) packageofpracticesversusseasoneffectwasstudied Totalnumberofcocoons(50) betweentherecommendedpracticeandthelocalprac- tice.Similarly,packageversusseasonversuslocation 2.1.3.7Shellratio(%) effectwasalsostudiedamongeachdistrictbetween Itisdefinedasaverageratiotwentyfivemaleandtwenty therecommendedandthelocalfarmers.Rearingdata fivefemalecocoonshelltothatofaveragecocoonweight wasanalyzedusingMultipleFactorialDesigntostudy ofthesamecocoonsperreplicateandwascalculated yieldgapbetweentherecommendedandlocalmeth- bythefollowingformula: odsatfieldlevel.
Shellratio(%) = Averageweight(g)of25cocoonshellsofeachsex × 100 2.1.3Silkwormrearingparametersrecorded 2 Averageweightofsameno.ofcocoonsofeachsex 2.1.3.1Bedspacing(worms/feet ) Itiscalculatedasthenumberofsilkwormsmaintained 2.1.3.8Larvalsurvival(%) inthebedspaceofonesquarefeet.
Itisdefinedasthenumberoflarvaethatspuncocoon fromagivenlotoflarva.
2.1.3.2Fifthinstarlarvalweight(g) Itistheaverageweightoftenmaturelarvaeduringfifth Larvalsurvival(%) = instar.Itwascalculatedbyweighingtenmaturelarvae No.oflarvaleftattheendoffifthage × oneitherthirdorfourthdayoffifthinstarselectedran- rd Totalno.larvaretainedafter3 moultinagivenlot domlyfromtherearingshelf.
2.1.3.3Fifthinstarlarvalduration(days/hrs) 2.1.3.9Cocoonyield(Kg/ounce) Itisthetotaltimetakenbythelarvatocompletefifth Itisdefinedasthedryweight(Kg)ofcocoonproduced instaroflifecycle.Itismeasuredindaysorhours. fromanounceofsilkwormseed.
3.ResultandDiscussions s/sq.ftwhileotherswhoadoptedlocalmethodsrecorded onaveragebedspacingof84.46worms/sq.ft.&91.33 3.1Averagefifthinstarlarvalduration worms/sq.ftduring2019&2020rearingseasonsrespec- During2019silkwormrearingseasonminimumaver- tively. C.D.at5%depictedsignificantdifferencebe- agefifthinstarlarvaldurationwasrecordedindistrict tweenthemeansofseasons,districts,practicesand Doda(7.55days)followedbyRamban(7.58days)and theirinteraction.
Kishtwar(7.68days)whilein2020rearingseasonitwas recordedleastindistrictRamban(7.90days)followed 3.4Averagelarvalsurvival(%) byDoda(7.91days)andKishtwar(7.94days).However, In2019,silkwormrearingseason,maximumaverage seasonwise fifth instar larval duration was 7.24 and larval survival (%) was recorded in district Ramban 7.90daysincaseofautumnseasonwhileinspringit (81.88%) followed by Doda (79.13%) and minimum wasrecorded7.98and7.93daysduring2019and2020 in Kishtwar (78.74%) during the year 2020 and dur- rearingseasons,respectively.Practicewisethoserear- ing2019rearingseason district wisemaximumwas erswhoadoptedrecommendedpackageofpractice recordedindistrictKishtwar(82.58%)followedbyDoda obtainedanaveragefifthinstarlarvaldurationof7.57 (82.01%)andminimuminRamban(78.40%)However, and7.71dayswhileotherswhoadoptedlocalmeth- seasonwiseanaveragelarvalsurvival85.50percent odsrecordedanaverageof7.65and8.11daysduring and84.60percentwasrecordedinspringseasonand 2019and2020rearingseasonsrespectively.C.D.at5% inautumnitwasrecordedas74.32and77.40percent. depictedsignificantdifferencebetweenthemeansof Practicewisethoserearerswhoadoptedrecommended seasons,districts,practicesandtheirinteraction. packageofpracticeobtainedanaveragebedspacing of86.57percentwhileotherswhoadoptedlocalmeth- 3.2Averageweightoftenmaturelarvae(g) odsrecordedonaverageof73.25percent.C.D.at5% During2019rearingseasonmaximumaverageweight depictedsignificantdifferencebetweenthemeansof oftenmaturelarvaewasrecordedindistrictRamban seasons,districts,practicesandtheirinteraction. (43.19g)followedbyDoda(39.40g)andminimumin Kishtwar(39.20g)andduring2020rearingseasonit 3.5Averagesinglecocoonweight(g) wasrecordedhighestindistrictKishtwar(45.82g)fol- lowedbyDoda(43.67g)andRamban(42.07g). How- Duringsilkwormrearingin2019, maximumaverage ever, season wise average weight of ten mature lar- singlecocoonweightwasrecordedindistrictKishtwar vaewasrecorded37.51gand37.81ginautumnsea- (1.48g)followedbyRamban(1.45g)andleastinDoda son while it was 43.69g and 49.90g during spring in (1.40g)whilein2020rearingseasonitwasrecorded 2019and2020rearingseasonsrespectively.Practice highestindistrictKishtwar(1.43g)followedbyRam- wisethoserearerswhoadoptedrecommendedpack- ban(1.41g)andDoda(1.37g). However,seasonwise ageofpracticeobtainedanaverageweightas44.56g averagesinglecocoonweightof1.53gand1.47gwas and43.85gwhileotherswhoadoptedlocalmethods recordedinspringseasonand1.36gand1.35ginau- recordedonaverageof36.64gand37.24gduring2019 tumnduring2019and2020rearingseasons,respec- and2020rearingseason. C.D.at5%depictedsignif- tively.Practicewisethoserearerswhoadoptedrecom- icantdifferencebetweenthemeansofseasons, dis- mendedpackageofpracticeobtainedanaveragesin- tricts,practicesandtheirinteraction. glecocoonweightof1.55gand1.49gwhileotherswho adoptedlocalmethodsrecorded1.33gand1.32gdur- 3.3Averagebedspacing(wormspersq.ft)perfarmer ing2019and2020rearingseasonsrespectively.C.D.at 5%depictedsignificantdifferencebetweenthemeans During2019rearingseasonminimumaveragebedspac- ofseasons,districts,practicesandtheirinteraction. ingwasrecordedindistrictKishtwar(75.68worms/sq.ft) followedbyDoda(77.03worms/sq.ft)andmaximum inRamban(77.56worms/sq.ft)whereasduring2020 3.6Averagesingleshellweight(g) rearingseasonspacingwasminimumrecordedindis- Duringsilkwormrearingin2019, maximumaverage trictDoda(70worms/sq.ft)followedbyKishtwar(74.50 singleshellweightwasrecordedindistrictRamban worms/sq.ft)andminimuminRamban(83.50worm- andKishtwar(0.28g)followedbyDoda(0.27g)while s/sq.ft).However,seasonwiseaveragedspacingrecorded inrearingof2020seasonitwasrecordedhighestin inautumnseasonwas77.59worms/sq.ft&77.66worm- districtKishtwar(0.35g)followedbyRamban(0.33g) s/sq.ftanditwas75.91worms/sq.ft&77worms/sq.ftin andDoda(0.28g).However,seasonwiseaveragesin- springseason.Practicewisethoserearerswhoadopted gleshellweightwas0.31gand0.31ginspringseason recommendedpackageofpracticeobtainedanaver- andinautumnitwas0.25gand0.26gduringrearing agebedspacingof69.04worms/sq.ft.&63.33worm- seasonof2019and2020respectively. Practicewise 2020 Spring(S1) 8.07 7.78 7.93 8.28 7.58 7.93 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 7.27 7.21 7.24 7.96 7.77 7.87 SubMeans 7.67 7.50 7.58 8.12 7.68 7.90 Spring(S1) 8.06 7.79 7.93 8.14 7.66 7.90 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 7.16 7.20 7.18 7.96 7.86 7.91 SubMeans 7.61 7.50 7.55 8.05 7.76 7.91 Spring(S1) 8.06 8.07 8.07 8.44 7.45 7.95 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 7.25 7.33 7.29 7.90 7.95 7.93 SubMeans 7.66 7.70 7.68 8.17 7.70 7.94 Districts D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 FactorMeans 7.58 7.55 7.68 7.90 7.91 7.94 S1 S2 7.98 7.24 7.93 7.90 P0 P1 7.65 7.57 8.11 7.71 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.01 Seasons(S)=0.13 Districts(D)=0.02 Seasons(S)=0.06 Practices (T) = 0.02 D×S = 0.11 Practices (P) = 0.01 D×S = 0.09 D×T=0.02 S×T=0.13 D×S×T= D×P=0.01 S×P=0.07 D×S×P= 0.18 0.10
2020 Spring(S1) 41.14 51.57 46.36 38.55 56.50 47.53 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 35.75 44.30 40.03 30.56 42.68 36.62 SubMeans 38.45 47.94 43.19 34.56 49.59 42.07 Spring(S1) 40.22 44.59 42.41 42.55 52.80 47.68 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 32.86 39.93 36.40 33.66 45.66 39.66 SubMeans 36.54 42.26 39.40 38.11 49.23 43.67 Spring(S1) 36.93 47.64 42.29 46.33 62.66 54.50 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 32.92 39.32 36.12 31.80 42.50 37.15 SubMeans 34.93 43.48 39.20 39.07 52.58 45.82 FactorMeans 43.19 39.40 39.20 42.07 43.67 45.82 S1 S2 43.69 37.51 49.90 37.81 P0 P1 36.64 44.56 37.24 43.85 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=1.77 Seasons(S)=3.54 Districts(D)=1.62 Seasons(S)=2.11 Practices (T) = 1.58 D×S = 1.12 Practices (P) = 1.27 D×S = 1.18 D×T=1.27 S×T=1.33 D×S×T= D×P=1.16 S×P=1.28 D×S×P= 1.89 1.75 thoserearerswhoadoptedrecommendedpackageof 3.7Averageshellratio(percent) practiceobtainedanaveragesinglecocoonweightof Districtwise,maximumaverageshellratioduringrear- 0.34gand0.35gwhileotherswhoadoptedlocalmeth- ingof2019seasonwasrecordedindistrictRamban odsrecordedonaveragesinglecocoonweightof0.23g (19.44%)followedbyDoda(19.17%)andminimumin andduringboththerearingseasonof2019and2020. Doda(18.89%)whilein2020itwasmaximumindistrict C.Dat5%depictedsignificantdifferencebetweenthe Doda(20.28%)followedbyRamban(20.14%)andKisht- means of seasons, practices and non-significant for war (20.04%). However, season wise average single theirinteraction.
cocoonweightwas20.22and21.17percentinspring 2020 Spring(S1) 87 69.50 78.25 102 71 86.50 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 83.26 70.46 76.86 98 63 80.50 SubMeans 85.13 69.98 77.56 100 67 83.50 Spring(S1) 81.44 69.26 75.35 90 59 74.50 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 88.36 69.05 78.71 92 55 73.50 SubMeans 84.90 69.16 77.03 91 57 74 Spring(S1) 83.36 64.92 74.14 80 60 70 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 83.38 71.04 77.21 86 72 79 SubMeans 83.37 67.98 75.68 83 66 74.50 FactorMeans 77.56 77.03 75.68 83.50 74 74.50 S1 S2 75.91 77.59 77 77.66 P0 P1 84.46 69.04 91.33 63.33 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.21 Seasons(S)=1.03 Districts(D)=0.18 Seasons(S)=0.79 Practices (T) = 1.39 D×S = 1.33 Practices (P) = 1.10 D×S = 0.21 D×T=1.18 S×T=1.46 D×S×T= D×P=1.07 S×P=1.28 D×S×P= 1.79 1.63
2020 Spring(S1) 84 92 88 77.17 85.66 81.42 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 66 85.50 75.75 60.45 90.33 75.39 SubMeans 75 88.75 81.88 68.81 88 78.40 Spring(S1) 81.50 87.50 84.5 80.33 89.66 85 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 64 83.50 73.75 71.50 86.55 79.03 SubMeans 72.75 85.50 79.13 75.92 88.10 82.01 Spring(S1) 77.50 90.50 84 82.20 92.56 87.38 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 66.52 80.42 73.47 67.08 88.50 77.79 SubMeans 72.01 85.46 78.74 74.64 90.53 82.58 FactorMeans 81.88 79.13 78.74 78.40 82.01 82.58 S1 S2 85.50 74.32 84.60 77.40 P0 P1 73.25 86.57 73.12 88.88 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.11 Seasons(S)=3.03 Districts(D)=0.02 Seasons(S)=1.05 Practices (T) = 1.22 D×S = 0.77 Practices (P) = 0.52 D×S = 0.33 D×T=1.03 S×T=2.44 D×S×T= D×P=1.05 S×P=1.11 D×S×P= 3.12 1.22 seasonandinautumnitwasrecordedas18.12and districts,practicesandtheirinteraction. 19.14percentduringrearingseasonof2019and2020, respectively.Practicewisethoserearerswhoadopted 3.8Grasseriediseaseincidence(percent) recommendedpackageofpracticeobtainedanaver- During2019silkwormrearingseason,districtwisemax- ageshellratioof21.29and23.28percentwhileothers imumincidenceofgrasseriediseasewasrecordedin whoadoptedlocalmethodsrecordedonaverageshell Doda(12.15%)followedbyKishtwar(11.44%)andRam- ratioof17.05and17.03percent.C.D.at5%depicted bandistrict(10.41%)whilemaximumincidenceof10.55 significantdifferencebetweenthemeansofseasons, percentgrasseriediseasewasrecordedinDodafol- 2020 Spring(S1) 1.39 1.68 1.54 1.36 1.59 1.48 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 1.29 1.43 1.36 1.30 1.39 1.35 SubMeans 1.34 1.56 1.45 1.33 1.49 1.41 Spring(S1) 1.36 1.57 1.47 1.35 1.48 1.42 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 1.26 1.39 1.33 1.29 1.36 1.33 SubMeans 1.31 1.48 1.40 1.32 1.42 1.37 Spring(S1) 1.42 1.71 1.57 1.39 1.61 1.50 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 1.28 1.49 1.39 1.24 1.49 1.37 SubMeans 1.35 1.60 1.48 1.32 1.55 1.43 Districts D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 FactorMeans 1.45 1.40 1.48 1.41 1.37 1.43 S1 S2 1.53 1.36 1.47 1.35 P0 P1 1.33 1.55 1.32 1.49 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=1.02 Seasons(S)=0.11 Districts(D)=0.05 Seasons(S)=0.13 Practices (T) = 0.13 D×S = 0.10 Practices (P) = 0.15 D×S = 0.11 D×T=0.11 S×T=0.12 D×S×T= D×P=0.13 S×P=0.10 D×S×P= 0.16 0.18
2020 Spring(S1) 0.25 0.39 0.32 0.24 0.36 0.30 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 0.19 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.33 0.26 SubMeans 0.22 0.35 0.28 0.23 0.35 0.28 Spring(S1) 0.25 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.37 0.31 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 0.20 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.29 0.25 SubMeans 0.23 0.35 0.27 0.23 0.33 0.28 Spring(S1) 0.24 0.37 0.31 0.25 0.41 0.33 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 0.21 0.29 0.25 0.19 0.32 0.26 SubMeans 0.23 0.33 0.28 0.22 0.37 0.30 Districts D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 FactorMeans 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.33 0.28 0.35 S1 S2 0.31 0.25 0.31 0.26 P0 P1 0.23 0.34 0.23 0.35 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=ns Seasons(S)=0.03 Districts(D)=0.01 Seasons(S)=0.03 Practices(T)=0.09 D×S=ns D×T Practices(P)=0.05 D×S=ns D×P =ns S×T=ns D×S×T=ns =ns S×P=ns D×S×P=ns lowedbyKishtwar(9.83%)andleastinRamban(7.71%) thoserearerswhoadoptedrecommendedmethods duringsilkwormrearingconductedin2020. Season- whilelocalmethodadoptersrecordedcomparatively wiseincidenceofgrasseriediseasewashighlysignif- muchhigherincidenceof17.75percentduring2019 icant and it was maximum during autumn (14.74%) seasonwhileitwasrecorded17.32percentin2020rear- andminimuminspring(7.93%)in2019whileitwas ingseasonand0.41percentforthosewhoadopted maximumduringautumn(12.66%)andminimumin recommendedpackageandthosewhoadoptedlocal spring (6.07%) in 2020. Practice wise those rearers methodsrespectivelyduring2020rearingseasons.C.D. whoadoptedrecommendedmethodsrecordedalow at5%depictedsignificantdifferencebetweenmeans grasserieincidence. Onanaverageitwas4.92%for ofseasons,practices,districtsandtheirinteractions. 2020 Spring(S1) 17.99 23.21 20.60 17.65 22.64 20.15 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 15.57 20.97 18.27 16.54 23.74 20.14 SubMeans 16.78 22.09 19.44 17.10 23.19 20.14 Spring(S1) 18.38 22.29 20.34 18.25 25 21.63 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 15.87 20.14 18.01 16.54 21.32 18.93 SubMeans 17.13 21.22 19.17 17.40 23.16 20.28 Spring(S1) 17.78 21.63 19.71 17.99 25.47 21.73 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 16.67 19.46 18.07 15.20 21.48 18.34 SubMeans 17.23 20.55 18.89 16.60 23.48 20.04 FactorMeans 19.44 19.17 18.89 20.14 20.28 20.04 S1 S2 20.22 18.12 21.17 19.14 P0 P1 17.05 21.29 17.03 23.28 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.09 Seasons(S)=1.81 Districts(D)=0.06 Seasons(S)=1.03 Practices (T) = 0.17 D×S = 0.11 Practices (P) = 0.14 D×S = 0.13 D×T=0.13 S×T=0.16 D×S×T= D×P=0.12 S×P=0.15 D×S×P= 1.32 0.87
2020 P0 P1 Sub-Means P0 P1 Sub-Means Spring(S1) 14 1.5 7.75 7.41 0.55 3.98 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 21.69 4.46 13.08 20.23 2.65 11.44 SubMeans 17.85 2.98 10.41 13.82 1.60 7.71 Spring(S1) 12.76 5.27 9.02 14.00 0.96 7.48 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 23.56 7 15.28 25.79 1.44 13.62 SubMeans 18.16 6.14 12.15 19.90 1.20 10.55 Spring(S1) 12 2.02 7.01 13 0.50 6.75 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 22.50 9.23 15.87 23.50 2.33 12.92 SubMeans 17.25 5.63 11.44 18.25 1.42 9.83 FactorMeans 10.41 12.15 11.44 7.71 10.55 9.83 S1 S2 7.93 14.74 6.07 12.66 P0 P1 17.75 4.92 17.32 1.41 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.03 Seasons(S)=0.06 Districts(D)=0.02 Seasons(S)=0.03 Practices (T) = 0.02 D×S = 0.04 Practices (P) = 0.01 D×S = 0.05 D×T=0.05 S×T=0.01 D×S×T= D×P=0.03 S×P=0.01 D×S×P= 0.09 0.07 3.9Flacheriediseaseincidence(percent) tumn(1.72%and0.64%)andminimuminspring(1.30 Maximumincidenceofflacheriediseasewasrecorded and0.36%)during2019&2020,respectively.Practice inDoda(2.61%)followedbyKishtwar(1.38%)andleast wise,overallthoserearerswhofollowedrecommended inRamban(0.58%)during2019rearingseason.In2020 packageofpracticeobservedanincidenceofonly0.20 rearingseason,maximumincidenceofgrasseriedis- and0.12percentwhilethosewhoadoptedlocalmeth- easewasobservedinDoda(0.83%)followedbyKisht- odsrecordedanincidenceof2.86and0.88percent war(0.33%)andRamban(0.33%). Seasonwiseinci- during2019and2020rearingseasonsrespectively.C.D denceofflacheriediseasewasmaximumduringau- at5%depicted,significantdifferencebetweenmeans 2020 P0 P1 Sub-Means P0 P1 Sub-Means Spring(S1) 0.50 0 0.25 0 0 0 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 1.50 0.33 0.92 1.26 0.05 0.66 SubMeans 1 0.17 0.58 0.63 0.03 0.33 Spring(S1) 5.25 0 2.63 2.15 0 1.08 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 4.68 0.50 2.59 0.50 0.66 0.58 SubMeans 4.97 0.25 2.61 1.33 0.33 0.83 Spring(S1) 1.70 0.33 1.02 0 0 0 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 3.50 0 1.66 1.33 0 0.67 SubMeans 2.6 0.17 1.38 0.67 0 0.33 Districts D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3 FactorMeans 0.58 2.61 1.38 0.33 0.83 0.33 S1 S2 1.30 1.72 0.36 0.64 P0 P1 2.86 0.20 0.88 0.12 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.06 Seasons(S)=0.02 Districts(D)=0.03 Seasons(S)=0.01 Practices (T) = 0.04 D×S = 0.05 Practices (P) = 0.03 D×S = 0.06 D×T=0.03 S×T=0.02 D×S×T= D×P=0.02 S×P=0.01 D×S×P= 0.07 0.09
2020 P0 P1 Sub-Means P0 P1 Sub-Means Spring(S1) 22.37 48.50 35.44 21.90 35.50 28.70 D1Ramban Autumn(S2) 10.40 23.66 17.03 11.64 9.55 10.59 SubMeans 16.39 36.08 26.23 16.77 22.53 14.53 Spring(S1) 25.88 36.33 31.11 24.28 31.75 28.15 D2Doda Autumn(S2) 11.18 22.50 16.84 12.14 13.66 12.90 SubMeans 18.53 29.42 23.97 18.21 22.71 20.46 Spring(S1) 22.74 39.33 31.04 24.36 36.33 30.35 D3Kishtwar Autumn(S2) 11.36 24 17.68 10.84 14.66 12.75 SubMeans 17.05 31.67 24.36 17.60 25.50 21.55 FactorMeans 26.23 23.97 24.36 14.53 20.46 21.55 S1 S2 32.53 17.18 25.73 12.08 P0 P1 17.32 32.39 17.53 23.58 CD(p≤0.05) Districts(D)=0.05 Seasons(S)=0.02 Districts(D)=0.01 Seasons(S)=0.02 Practices (T) = 0.03 D×S = 0.08 Practices (P) = 0.01 D×S = 0.05 D×T=0.06 S×T=0.07 D×S×T= D×P=0.03 S×P=0.05 D×S×P= 0.13 0.09 ofseasons,practices,districtsandtheirinteractions. was recorded in district Kishtwar (21.55 Kg/oz.) fol- lowed by Doda (20.46 Kg/oz.) and least in Ramban 3.10Averagecocoonyield(Kg/oz.)
(14.53Kg/oz.).However,seasonwisecocoonyieldwas 17.18Kg/ozand12.08Kg/oz.incaseofautumnseason Duringsilkwormrearingseasonof2019,overallmax- whileinspringthecocoonyieldwas32.53Kg/ozand imum cocoon yield of 26.23 Kg/oz. per farmer was 25.73Kg/oz. during2019and2020rearingseasons, recordedindistrictRambanfollowedbyKishtwar(24.36 respectively.Practicewisethoserearerswhoadopted Kg/oz.)andminimuminDoda(23.97Kg/oz.)anddur- recommendedpackageofpracticeobtainedanaver- ing2020rearingseasonoverallmaximumcocoonyield agecocoonyieldof32.39kg/oz.and23.58kg/oz.while ofunhealthyandinsufficientmulberryleaf,improper otherswhoadoptedlocalmethodsrecordedonaver- disinfectionofrearinghouseandrearingappliances, ageofjust17.32Kg/oz.and17.53kg/oz.during2019 overcrowdingofsilkworms,improperbeddisinfection and2020rearingseasons. C.Dat5%depictedsignif- duringmoultingperiod,impropercocoonharvesting, icantdifferencebetweenthemeansofseasons, dis- useofdefaultmountages,impropercocoondrying,use tricts,practicesandtheirinteraction. ofimproperpackingmaterial,cocoontransportation duringdayhoursandnon-adoptionofcocoonsorting. Silkwormrearingwasconductedaccordingtorecom- mendedpackageofpracticealongwithpotentialand localsilkwormrearersineachdistrictandpotential