Editor- In-Chief: Małgorzata Schlegel-Zawadzka, PhD Title proper: Public Health – Open Journal ISSN: 2472-3878 Subject: Public Health, Food & Nutrition Sciences, Agricultural Sustainability, Rural Development, and Allied Biological Sciences. Publisher: Openventio Publishers Dates of publication: 2016 Frequency & Medium: Bi-monthly from 2026, Online Language : English Country : India Indexed by : PubMed, NAAS Rating-5.00, CrossRef, ROAD , NLM Title DOI of the Journal: http://doi.org/ 10.17140 /issn.2472-3878
Food Adulteration: Awareness and Consumer Perception among urban households of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Food adulteration poses a significant public health risk in India, compromising the safety and nutritional quality of commonly consumed food items. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practices related to food adulteration among residents of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 120 respondents, who regularly purchased food for household consumption, were selected using probability sampling and a simple random cluster method. The sample size was calculated using the RAOSOFT sample size calculator, assuming a 95% confidence level, 5% margin of error, and 10% response distribution. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire covering respondents’ understanding of food adulteration, commonly adulterated items, adulterants used, and traditional household detection methods. The results indicated that most respondents (76.7%) correctly understood the concept of food adulteration, with milk, cereals, pulses, edible oils, red pepper, and jaggery frequently reported as adulterated. Traditional detection methods, such as handpicking, water tests, visual inspection, and boiling tests, were widely practised, though awareness of chemical-based detection was limited. Only 60% of respondents were aware of regulatory authorities like FSSAI. Overall, the findings suggest satisfactory general awareness about adulteration and its health risks, but highlight the need for targeted consumer education and public awareness programs to improve detection practices, regulatory knowledge, and ensure safer food consumption in Kanpur.
Influence of Storage Conditions on Physico-Chemical Attributes of Strawberry–Aloe Vera Functional Gummies
The increasing demand for functional confectionery products has promoted the incorporation of bioactive ingredients to enhance nutritional and health benefits. In the present investigation, strawberry- aloe vera blended gummies were developed and evaluated for storage stability under ambient (25–30 °C) and refrigerated (4–8 °C) conditions over 90 days. Six formulations (T0–T6) with varying strawberry to aloe vera pulp ratios were analyzed at regular intervals for physico-chemical properties (moisture content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ash content, reducing sugars, and total sugars), microbial load, and sensory attributes. Moisture content increased significantly with higher aloe vera incorporation, with T6 (0:100::Strawberry:Aloe vera) exhibiting the highest values. During storage, total soluble solids and titratable acidity showed a gradual increase, whereas ash content declined. Although reducing and total sugars decreased with increasing aloe vera levels, both parameters increased progressively during storage, likely due to polysaccharide hydrolysis and moisture loss. The findings indicate that aloe vera enrichment enhances moisture retention but influences quality attributes during storage. Refrigerated storage proved more effective in maintaining the physico-chemical stability of the developed functional gummies.
Comparative Evaluation of Scarification Techniques on Seed Germination and Seedling Performance of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Seed propagation of Nelumbo nucifera is limited by strong physical dormancy due to its hard, impermeable seed coat. This study evaluated the efficacy of four scarification treatments-mechanical nicking, sand abrasion, hot water immersion and concentrated sulphuric acid (98%, 1 h)-compared with an untreated control, on germination, biochemical activity and early seedling growth under ambient conditions of Ananthapuramu, India (latitude 14°41′ N, longitude 77°36′ E) during June 2025. Scarification significantly enhanced imbibition, seed coat permeability, α-amylase activity, germination percentage and seedling vigour (p < 0.05). Among treatments, acid scarification was most effective, achieving 78.4% germination, the shortest mean germination time (4.6 days), highest enzymatic activity (5.76 μmol maltose min⁻¹ g⁻¹ FW) and superior seedling growth (plumule: 9.4 cm; radicle: 12.6 cm). Mechanical nicking and sand abrasion moderately improved germination, whereas hot water immersion showed limited effectiveness. Root-to-shoot ratios remained relatively stable across treatments, indicating balanced biomass allocation. These results demonstrate that optimised acid scarification efficiently overcomes physical dormancy, accelerates metabolic activation and enhances seedling establishment in N. nucifera, providing a reliable, cost-effective method for large-scale propagation and wetland restoration programs.
Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors, Management and Prevention Strategies
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a group of pathological diseases that are primarily caused by poor lifestyle behaviours. Currently, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world's leading cause of disability and death. According to data from the World Health Organization, chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, cancer, obesity, and respiratory conditions are responsible for about half of the global disease burden and about 60% of the 56.5 million deaths that occur each year. The main risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) include age, sedentary and inactive lifestyle, alcohol and tobacco use, obesity, and poor and unhealthy food choices. One of the controllable aspects impacting the onset of non-communicable diseases is lifestyle. Several online browsers and data collection tools, such as Research Gate, Krishikosh, and Academia were used to search articles. Primary prevention and surveillance, health promotion, management and health care are the three fundamental pillars of the prevention strategy. Thus, it is crucial to start initiatives to educate the public about the need to lead a healthy lifestyle to maintain good health and lower the prevalence of NCDs. Non-communicable diseases can be prevented or reversed with a wholesome diet, regular exercise, nutritional supplements, and adequate sleep duration and quality. Numerous studies have focused on the relationship between the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and the consumption of specific foods.
Prevalence of hypertension among internally displaced persons and host community members in conflict-affected areas of Southern Kaduna, Nigeria: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study
Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria, with conflict-affected populations facing disproportionately higher risks due to displacement-related stressors and healthcare disruptions. However, the burden of hypertension in the chronically unstable region of Southern Kaduna remains unquantified. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypertension and assess the cascade of care among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and host community members in this setting. Methods: We conducted a community-based comparative cross-sectional study from March to June 2025 in three conflict-affected Local Government Areas (Kachia, Kajuru, and Chukun) of Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to enroll 1,148 adults (574 IDPs, 574 hosts). Data were collected using validated questionnaires (WHO STEPS, PSS-4) and standardized anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication. We compared prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control between IDPs and hosts using chi-square tests. Findings: The overall hypertension prevalence was 36.8% (95% CI: 34.0–39.6%). Prevalence was significantly higher among IDPs (42.3%; 95% CI: 38.3–46.5%) than among host community members (31.2%; 95% CI: 27.5–35.1%), an absolute difference of 11.1 percentage points (p<0.001). Nearly half (46.1%) of hypertensive IDPs were diagnosed for the first time during the survey, compared to 36.9% of hosts (p=0.032). The care cascade for hypertensive IDPs revealed profound attrition: only 53.9% were aware of their diagnosis, 35.4% were on treatment, and a mere 12.8% achieved blood pressure control. These figures were significantly worse than those for the host community (69.3% aware, 54.7% treated, 26.3% controlled; p<0.01 for all). Conclusion: This study provides the first empirical evidence that internally displaced persons in Southern Kaduna bear a substantially higher and largely uncontrolled burden of hypertension compared to their host communities. The near-complete failure of the care cascade—where 87 of every 100 hypertensive IDPs live without control—represents a critical failure of the health system and a form of structural violence. These findings demand the urgent integration of non-communicable disease care into humanitarian responses in Nigeria's conflict zones.
Review of Rice Cultivation in Chhattisgarh
Rice is the most important staple crop of Chhattisgarh and constitutes the backbone of the state’s agricultural economy and rural livelihoods. The state cultivates rice on approximately 3.77–3.80 million hectares, representing nearly 70% of the total cropped area. Although productivity historically remained below the national average due to the predominance of rainfed ecosystems, substantial improvement has been observed during the past two decades. Research and extension initiatives undertaken by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya have significantly contributed to germplasm conservation, varietal improvement and crop production technologies. The adoption of improved varieties, hybrid rice, balanced nutrient management and increasing seed replacement rates have enhanced rice productivity. Supportive government policies including minimum support price and efficient procurement mechanisms have further strengthened farmer participation in rice-based production systems. Recent procurement exceeding 14 million tonnes of paddy reflects the growing stability of rice production in the state. This review synthesizes information on agro-climatic conditions, varietal diversity, seed systems, productivity trends and policy interventions influencing rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh and highlights major constraints and future research priorities for sustainable rice production.
Mulch Based Soil Moisture Conservation and Weed Management Strategies for enhancing Flower Yield of Crossandra (Crossandra infundibuliformis) under Semi-Arid conditions
A field experiment was carried out during 2024-2025 at Sri Krishnadevaraya College of Horticultural Sciences, Ananthapuramu andhra Pradesh, India, to evaluate the influence of different mulching materials on growth, flowering, yield, quality, weed control, water use efficiency and economics of Crossandra infundibuliformis (L) Nees. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising seven treatments and four replications: control (no mulch), straw mulch (5 cm and 10 cm), compost mulch (5 cm and 10 cm), polyethene mulch and biodegradable mulch. Results indicated that mulching significantly enhanced all the growth and yield parameters compared to the control. Polyethene mulch (T₆) recorded the maximum plant height (40.50 cm), number of branches per plant (5.63), leaf area index (1.85), chlorophyll content (38.21 SPAD) and dry matter production (184.09 g plant-1). The same treatment also resulted in early flowering (45.02 days to first flowering), extended flowering duration (57.02 days) and the highest flower yield (5015.04 kg ha-1). Superior flower quality was observed under polyethene mulch with the greatest flower length (4.45 cm), diameter (4.45 cm), flower weight (32.87 g/100 flowers), vase life (12.40 days) and anthocyanin content (0.72 mg g-1 FW). Moreover, polyethene mulch effectively reduced weed density (30.01 no. m-2) and increased weed control efficiency (71.91%). It also conserved soil moisture (23.56%) and improved water use efficiency (20.06 kg ha-1 mm-1). The economic analysis revealed that polyethene mulch provided the highest net return (₹156,175 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (3.25), followed by straw and compost mulches, while the control recorded the lowest profitability. The findings suggest that polyethylene mulch is the most effective for enhancing growth, yield, flower quality and profitability of Crossandra infundibuliformis under semi-arid conditions, though biodegradable alternatives may be explored for sustainable production.
Microbiome-Assisted Crop Production Improves Nutrient Cycling and Reduces Fertilizer Dependency
The increasing concern over soil degradation and environmental impacts associated with excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to growing interest in biologically driven nutrient management approaches. In this context, a field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season at the Agriculture Research Farm, Salema, Dhalai, Tripura, to evaluate the role of microbiome-assisted crop production in paddy cultivation. The study was carried out using a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments involving different combinations of recommended fertilizer doses and microbial inoculants, including Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The results revealed that the integration of microbial consortia with reduced fertilizer levels significantly improved soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compared to control treatments. The treatment receiving 75% recommended fertilizer dose along with microbial consortium recorded the highest grain yield (5.3 t ha⁻¹), while 50% fertilizer combined with consortium produced comparable yield (5.1 t ha⁻¹), indicating substantial scope for reducing chemical fertilizer inputs. Enhanced microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity, and soil respiration further confirmed improved soil biological activity and nutrient cycling. The findings suggest that microbiome-assisted nutrient management can effectively sustain crop productivity while reducing fertilizer dependency and improving soil health. This approach offers a promising pathway for sustainable and environmentally sound agricultural practices, particularly in regions with fragile soil ecosystems.
Calibrating Expert Consensus in Delphi Studies for Developing Communication Competencies
Delphi studies are widely used for expert-based consensus building in education and social sciences; however, the absence of a universally accepted standard for determining consensus remains a persistent methodological challenge. Different studies employ varying statistical thresholds and decision rules, leading to inconsistencies in indicator selection and interpretation. Addressing this methodological gap, the study employed a cross-sectional, multi-phase Delphi design to develop communication competencies by applying a tailored calibrated multi-criteria Delphi framework. A panel of thirty experts participated in three iterative rounds and consensus was established with context-specific thresholds using a combination of median values, interquartile range (IQR), quartile deviation (QD), and percentage agreement. The process resulted in the identification of 11 key communication skill indicators demonstrating high consensus (QD ≤ 0.5; IQR ≤ 1) and very high importance (Median ≥ 4; ≥80% agreement). To assess practical relevance, a Training Need Index (TNI) analysis was conducted among 210 postgraduate students from three leading agricultural institutions in India. The findings revealed moderate to high training needs, particularly in interactive communication competencies such as initiating discussions, persuasive communication, and voice modulation. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory and communication competence perspectives, the study highlights the role of structured, evidence-based framework with calibrated criteria in identifying skill gaps. The proposed calibrated consensus approach offers a transparent and replicable model for Delphi studies, with implications for strengthening communication capacity in professional education and public health-related extension systems.
Interactive Effects of Heat and Drought Stress on Crop Growth and Yield Formation
Heat and drought stresses are among the most dominant environmental constraints limiting crop productivity worldwide, particularly under the current scenario of climate variability. While individual stress responses have been widely documented, their simultaneous occurrence presents a more severe and complex challenge to crop systems. Heat stress accelerates plant metabolism and phenological development, whereas drought stress restricts water availability, leading to reduced turgor pressure and impaired physiological functioning. When these stresses occur together, they intensify cellular damage, disrupt metabolic pathways, and significantly reduce crop yield. The combined stress adversely affects photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, reproductive development, and grain formation. It also enhances oxidative stress and alters hormonal balance, ultimately leading to premature senescence and yield loss. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying heat–drought interactions and discusses adaptive strategies for improving crop resilience.
Decision-Support Systems for Enhancing Yield Stability under Variable Climatic Conditions
Climate variability, characterized by droughts, heat waves, and irregular rainfall, has become a major constraint to agricultural productivity, causing yield fluctuations and threatening food security. In response, decision-support systems (DSS) have emerged as essential tools for climate-resilient agriculture by integrating climate data, soil properties, crop models, and management practices to provide timely, site-specific recommendations. DSS supports critical decisions such as sowing time, irrigation, nutrient management, and risk mitigation, thereby improving resource efficiency and reducing vulnerability to climatic uncertainties. The integration of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and IoT has further enhanced DSS through real-time monitoring and predictive analytics. By addressing multiple interacting climatic stresses and offering a holistic decision-making framework, DSS plays a vital role in improving crop resilience, yield stability, and sustainable agricultural systems under changing climatic conditions.
Understanding Rural Women in Migrant Households: Socio-Economic, Psychological, and Communication Dimensions
The migration of household members profoundly impacts the lives of rural women, shaping their socio-economic status, communication patterns, and psychological well-being. This review explores the multifaceted characteristics of rural women from migrant households, highlighting the socio-economic challenges they face, including increased financial responsibilities, altered family dynamics, and limited access to resources. The study also delves into the psychological effects, such as anxiety, loneliness, and emotional resilience, arising from prolonged separations and evolving roles. Furthermore, the review examines how migration influences communication practices, emphasizing the adoption of modern communication tools and the role of social networks in maintaining familial bonds and fostering community engagement. By synthesizing insights from various studies, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between migration and the socio-economic, psychological, and communication dimensions of rural women's lives. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and policy measures to empower rural women, enhance their adaptive capacities, and address the unique challenges they encounter in migrant households.
Targeted Bone and Cardiovascular Support through Novel Liposomal Calcium Nutraceutical Systems
Liposomal delivery systems represent a transformative shift in nutraceutical engineering, specifically in resolving the pharmacokinetic limitations that lead to the "calcium paradox"—a state where skeletal mineral deficiency occurs alongside deleterious ectopic vascular calcification. This review evaluates the shift from macro-scale mineral salts to nano-encapsulated systems, focusing on their ability to mimic biological membranes and utilise alternative absorption pathways such as endocytosis and paracellular transport. By maintaining a controlled, sustained release of calcium, these systems bypass traditional rate-limiting transporters, thereby preventing transient hypercalcemia and the subsequent phenotypic switching of vascular cells into osteoblast-like cells. The review further examines the essential role of co-factors like Vitamin D3 and K2 in governing the bone-vascular axis. Technical validation is further provided by highlighting the published study of West Bengal Chemical Industries Ltd., Kolkata, India (WBCIL) on the formulation of stable liposomal calcium, which demonstrates an encapsulation efficiency of 88% and a uniform particle size of 142.5 nm. Ultimately, this article establishes that liposomal technology provides a dual-action mechanism for enhancing bone mineral density while simultaneously safeguarding cardiovascular health
From Interpersonal Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk: A Multilevel Model of Adolescent Suicide Attempts in a School-Based Population
Adolescent suicide attempts represent a critical public health concern shaped by interacting behavioral, interpersonal, and institutional risk factors. This study examined multilevel determinants of suicide attempts among 30,226 secondary school adolescents in the Northern Samar Division of the Philippines using a quantitative cross-sectional design aligned with the World Health Organization (WHO) Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) framework [1]. Data were collected through an anonymous structured online survey assessing substance use, dietary behaviors, peer and family connectedness, school engagement, lifestyle regulation, and bullying victimization. Hierarchical binomial logistic regression was conducted to estimate adjusted associations, with model performance evaluated using deviance statistics, pseudo-R², and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Suicide attempts were reported by 14.10% of respondents. The final model demonstrated strong explanatory capacity (Nagelkerke R² = .259) and good discrimination (AUC = .795), with overall classification accuracy of 75.3%. Substance-related variables showed significant associations, particularly lifetime cannabis use (OR = 5.56, p < .001), frequent alcohol use (OR = 1.85, p < .001), and high sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (OR = 1.81, p < .001). Relational factors were among the strongest predictors, with adolescents reporting rare or no parental understanding showing nearly threefold increased odds (OR ≈ 3.0, p < .001). Lifestyle dysregulation variables, including short sleep duration (<5 hours; OR = 1.93, p < .001) and high sedentary time (OR = 1.68, p < .001), were also significant. Bullying victimization, particularly cyberbullying (OR = 2.19, p < .001), independently predicted suicide attempts. These findings support an integrated vulnerability model in which substance exposure, relational disconnection, behavioral dysregulation, and victimization jointly elevate suicide risk. Multicomponent school-based prevention strategies addressing these domains are essential for reducing adolescent suicide attempts.
Excision of Oral Verrucous Hyperplasia With Long Term Follow Up: A Case Report
Oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) is a benign but a potentially premalignant exophytic epithelial lesion, often it is considered as a precursor to verrucous carcinoma. Clinically, it presents as a white, warty, or cauliflower-like growth, commonly seen on the buccal mucosa, gingiva, or alveolar ridge. It is frequently associated with chronic tobacco or betel quid use. Accurate diagnosis and complete excision are crucial. Both clinically and histologically Oral verrucous hyperplasia may mimic verrucous carcinoma
Chronic Fatigue and Its Impact on the Quality of Health Care. “Chronic fatigue and medical attention”
Introduction. Chronic fatigue is a social and professional issue that affects labor, causing poor and constrained medical attention for patients. High demand for labor output from health professionals leads to irritability and depression. This syndrome is usually present in nurses and doctors who work in close contact with other people. Recently, job-related stress due to long work requirements has become one of the major debilitating factors for the mental and physical health of medical students. Aim. Determine the impact of chronic fatigue syndrome on resident physicians and on the quality of medical care. Method. A non-experimental observation was conducted on 50 medical residents of a hospital in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Results. 90% of resident physicians report that they work for 30 continuous hours, 10% work 40 hours in three days per week; they show fatigue and emotional distress, people give little importance to rest and sleep well, without imagining the consequences of sleep deprivation and a low in our immune system, low protection and a source of stress. In fact, medical residents are constantly under a special training regime and stressful labor, with academic and working conditions that affect their mood and mental health. Conclusion. Doctors begin the training with a clinical practice legacy of ethical maxims learned by teachers and books, but what happens in practice and daily work, could originate violent emotional shocks
A Rare Case of Early Abortion in Indegenous Cattle
An indigenous non-descript cow, approximately 7.5 years old and in its fourth parity, was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex with a history of purulent vaginal discharge of one day’s duration. According to the owner, the animal had been bred by artificial insemination approximately two months earlier, with no history of vaginal discharge or reproductive abnormality prior to breeding. Per-vaginal examination revealed the presence of a small aborted fetus lodged within the vaginal canal, and the cervix was found to be dilated to approximately one finger breadth. The crown–rump length (CRL) of the aborted fetus measured approximately 4.5 cm and weighed around 9.0 grams, indicating early gestational loss. A blood sample was collected from the dam and subjected to serological testing for brucellosis, which yielded a negative result. Based on the clinical findings, the cow was treated with appropriate intrauterine and systemic (parenteral) antibiotic therapy.
Musculoskeletal symptoms in nurses at a primary care hospital in Pachuca, Hidalgo. Mexico
Musculoskeletal disorders represent a major problem in developing countries as they generate high economic costs and are recognized as a considerable cause of absenteeism and disability. The objective of this research was to describe the main risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders affecting nursing staff working at a Primary Care Hospital in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Methodology. A quantitative study was conducted with a cross-sectional, observational design. Forty-nine nurses from the trauma service participated. Results. The most common gender was female (83.7%), while eight male nurses participated (16.3%). The mean age was 37 years, with a range of 25 to 53 years. Pain was observed to be the most common musculoskeletal symptom (87.5%). Similarly, the regions most affected by musculoskeletal injuries were the lower back (74.8%), followed by the neck (72.3%), and the upper back (64%). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of MSDs in nursing staff, with pain being the most common symptom and with varying frequencies in relation to the affected region, the main ones being the lower back, neck and upper back.
Road Safety Concerns in Nigeria: Evidence on Mechanisms and Demographic Correlates of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury from a Tertiary Trauma Centre
Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) constitutes the majority of traumatic brain injuries worldwide and is associated with substantial healthcare utilization. Contemporary epidemiological data from low- and middle-income countries are limited. Wherefore this study provides evidence for planning and prevention of this public health burden. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients presenting with mTBI at a tertiary trauma centre in Abuja, Nigeria. Demographic characteristics and mechanisms of injury were analysed. Results: A total of 103 patients were included. Young adult males predominated, and road traffic accidents were the leading mechanism of injury. Conclusion: mTBI in Nigeria disproportionately affects economically productive males and is largely attributable to preventable road traffic injuries.
Perceived Competencies and Self-Reported Practices on Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) During Childbirth Among Midwives in Health Facilities. A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study from Kerala
Background The perceptions of midwives regarding Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) significantly influence the quality of care provided. This research aimed to investigate the level of perceived competencies and self-reported implementation of RMC among Kerala midwives during the childbirth process. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2025, focusing on perceived competencies and self-reported practice on RMC among 146 midwives selected by convenience sampling from the different units of two hospitals in Kerala. The participants were midwives with at least one year of experience in their roles. To evaluate their perceived competencies and self-reported practice, assessed by the Midwives' Knowledge and Practice Scale, was administered with Cronbach's Alpha reliability of 0.86 and 0.829, respectively, on Respectful Maternity Care. A chi-square was employed to examine the association between the midwives' age, educational background, and work experience with their perceived competencies and self-reported practice on RMC. Result: The findings indicated that midwives in Kerala exhibited strong perceived competencies and self-reported practices of RMC in their care approach. The average scores for overall perceived competencies and self-reported practices of RMC were 110. 4±6.2 and 109.8 ±6.37, respectively. Midwives recorded overall good perceived competencies and self -reported practices on Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) during Childbirth. The analysis revealed that a positive correlation between the perceived competencies and self-reported practices of RMC among midwives is significant at the 0.01 level (p<0.05; 2-tailed). There is a significant association between research variables and education at the (p<0.05)0.01 level. Conclusions The study highlights strong perceived competencies and self-reported practices of RMC among midwives in Kerala, with education playing a significant role in these outcomes. Enhancing respectful maternity care necessitates the development of practical skills with adequate cognitive empowerment among midwives work in the maternal care unit
Public Health Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in India: A Review of Available Evidence
Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age with low- and middle-income countries having the highest incidences. It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and it is presented as pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and otitis media, with pneumonia contributing a significant percentage of causes of childhood mortality that can be prevented. The pneumococcal disease burden in India is grossly disproportional as it has a large birth population, socioeconomic disparity, malnutrition, unpredictable exposure to environmental threats, and inconsistent access to quality healthcare. Although significant progress has been made in terms of child survival, pneumonia remains a significant cause of under-five mortality. India rolled out PCV in its Universal Immunization Programme in a phased way, where it started to introduce in high-burden states starting with the World Health Organization’s strong evidence and recommendations in 2017. The current narrative review is a synthesis of the available evidence from the published literature, surveillance reports, program evaluations, and modeling studies to determine the public health implications of PCV implementation in India. The review is concerned with the effectiveness of vaccines against pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease, child survival, economic effects, and difficulties in implementation. The available evidence suggests that PCV introduction in India has been connected to the decrease in severe and radiologically verified pneumonia hospitalization, decrease in the vaccine-type pneumococcal isolates, and possible indirect advantages because of herd protection. Averted cases, deaths, and healthcare expenses are modeled at a nationwide level to be substantial and have a scale-up type. PCV introduction is starting to deliver significant public health impact in India especially in reducing the morbidity associated with pneumonia. Financial permanence, enhanced surveillance and fair implementation are needed in order to maximize long term effects on child health and survival
Leadership in Radiological Investigations: An Evaluation of Clinical Excellence and Regulatory Compliance at Eskag Sanjeevani Hospital, Kolkata, India
Background: The democratization of high-end radiological diagnostics remains a significant challenge in India's peripheral regions. The Eskag Sanjeevani Hospital, Kolkata, India, has addressed this gap in one of the States of India by implementing a robust Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the radiological infrastructure of Eskag Sanjeevani Hospital, focusing on regulatory safety, operational efficiency, and financial accessibility. Also, this study aims to promote clinical awareness among physicians to increase CT scan prescription rates to a benchmark of 32% of OPD footfall—as demonstrated by the successful proactive imaging model in units A, B, C, and D of an Indian state—to facilitate early disease detection, timely treatment initiation, and improved recovery outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 5,215 diagnostic studies conducted across four district units (Unit A, Unit B, Unit C, and Unit D) in December 2025 was performed. Operational performance was measured against Turnaround Time (TAT) compliance. Results: The diagnostic network achieved a 99.9% completion rate (5,209 studies) with 99.5% compliance with stipulated TAT. The clinical workload was dominated by high-resolution respiratory and abdominal imaging, facilitated by advanced CT technology. Safety was validated by 100% adherence to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) certification. Conclusion: The State-specific leadership in radiology is characterized by a successful integration of high-speed technology and regulatory transparency, offering a scalable model for inclusive healthcare delivery in resource-constrained geographies
The Role of Regenerative Agriculture in Reducing Non–Communicable Disease Risks
Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic acute respiratory disorders are a few examples of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that are regarded as serious global health issues. Even though diet and environmental exposures are significant risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), most food systems now prioritize high yields over nutrition or environmental health. Using methods like no-till farming, cover crops, crop rotation, polycultures and organic soil additions, regenerative agriculture aims to regenerate the soil and enhance ecosystem function. The history of rheumatoid arthritis and the theories put out about its potential association with a lower risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are examined in this article. To assess the potential of foods and systems produced from regenerative agriculture to enhance diet quality and lower the risk of hazardous exposures, we integrate data from epidemiological surveys, clinical nutrition studies and ecological research. We found that regenerative agriculture has the potential to improve crop phytochemical content and nutritional richness, lower pesticide and antibiotic usage and preserve healthy and diversified food systems. These changes have been linked to dietary habits that are known to prevent cancer, diabetes, obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The article discusses a number of important regenerative agriculture researchers and movements. These include the latest research on soil health, permaculture and biodynamics.
Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metals in Commercial and Domestic Cassava Flour in Oyo State, Nigeria
Heavy metal contamination of staple foods poses a significant public health risk in Nigeria, where traditional processing methods like roadside drying are prevalent. This study assessed the levels of heavy metal contamination in cassava flour (Manihot esculenta Crantz) processed and marketed in Oyo State. Samples were collected from three sources: a commercial outlet at Oja-Oba market, a roadside drying site along the Ido-Eruwa road, and a controlled self-dried batch from the Lead City area. The concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Selenium (Se) were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results revealed that the market-bought sample from Oja-Oba contained Pb (2.2 mg/kg) and Cr (1.7 mg/kg) exceeding WHO/FAO permissible limits. The roadside-dried sample from Ido-Eruwa had the highest levels of Fe (37.2 mg/kg) and Cr (1.8 mg/kg), also surpassing safe thresholds. In contrast, the self-dried sample showed no detectable Pb, Cd, or Cr, indicating it was the safest. However, all samples had Selenium levels (1.3–3.3 mg/kg) above the recommended limit. The findings highlight the elevated health risks associated with cassava flour from market and roadside sources due to environmental contamination during processing. The study recommends the adoption of controlled drying practices, enhanced market processing standards, and stricter regulatory enforcement to ensure the safety of this widely consumed staple food
AI Driven Agriculture for Nutritional Security and Public Health Improvement
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming agricultural systems by enhancing productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. This review explores the role of AI-driven agriculture in improving nutritional security and public health outcomes globally. With the increasing challenges of climate change, population growth, and resource constraints, conventional agricultural practices are often insufficient to meet rising food demands. AI technologies, including machine learning, remote sensing, and precision farming, provide innovative solutions for optimizing crop production, reducing resource wastage, and improving food quality. AI-based tools enable real-time monitoring of soil health, crop growth, and pest dynamics, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions that enhance yield and nutritional value. Additionally, AI applications in supply chain management help reduce post-harvest losses and ensure efficient food distribution, thereby improving food accessibility and affordability. These advancements contribute significantly to reducing malnutrition and enhancing dietary diversity, AI-driven agriculture supports public health by minimizing excessive use of agrochemicals, improving environmental sustainability, and reducing exposure to harmful substances. However, challenges such as limited digital literacy, high implementation costs, and data accessibility issues hinder widespread adoption, particularly in developing regions. AI-driven agriculture holds immense potential to strengthen nutritional security and public health. Strategic investments, policy support, and capacity building are essential to harness its full benefits for sustainable development
Climate-Smart Agriculture and Public Health Resilience: A Critical Review
Climate change poses significant challenges to global food systems and public health, necessitating innovative and sustainable approaches to agriculture. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a holistic framework that integrates agricultural productivity, climate adaptation, and mitigation strategies while enhancing resilience. This review critically examines the role of CSA in strengthening public health resilience, particularly in vulnerable and resource-limited communities. The study highlights how CSA practices, such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, water-efficient irrigation, and climate-resilient crop varieties, contribute to improved food security, nutritional outcomes, and environmental sustainability. Additionally, the review explores the interconnections between climate change, agricultural practices, and health risks, including malnutrition, heat stress, vector-borne diseases, and water-related illnesses. CSA approaches can mitigate these risks by promoting sustainable resource use, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing ecosystem services. However, the adoption of CSA faces several challenges, including limited awareness, financial constraints, policy gaps, and socio-economic inequalities. The paper emphasizes the importance of integrated policies, capacity building, and community engagement in promoting CSA practices. Furthermore, it underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among agricultural scientists, public health professionals, and policymakers to address climate-related health challenges effectively. CSA represents a promising pathway for achieving sustainable agriculture and resilient public health systems. Its widespread implementation can significantly contribute to global efforts aimed at combating climate change and improving population health outcomes
Agricultural Practices and Their Impact on Community Health: A Global Review
Agricultural practices play a critical role in shaping not only food production systems but also the overall health and well-being of communities worldwide. With the increasing global demand for food, agricultural intensification has led to both positive and negative health outcomes. This review examines the complex relationship between agricultural practices and community health, highlighting key factors such as pesticide usage, water management, soil health, and livestock production systems. While modern agriculture has significantly improved food security and economic stability, it has also contributed to environmental degradation, chemical exposure, and the emergence of health risks among farming communities and consumers. The review further explores the role of sustainable agricultural practices, including organic farming, integrated pest management, and agroecological approaches, in mitigating health risks and promoting ecological balance. Special emphasis is placed on the socio-economic determinants influencing farmers’ adoption of safe and sustainable practices, particularly in developing countries. Additionally, the study discusses the impact of climate change on agriculture and its indirect effects on public health through food insecurity, malnutrition, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. Overall, the paper underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving policymakers, agricultural experts, and public health professionals to ensure that agricultural development aligns with health and environmental sustainability goals. Promoting safer and more sustainable farming practices is essential for improving community health outcomes globally
Rhizosphere Microbiome Restructuring Enhances Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Yield: Mechanisms, Innovations, and Future Perspectives
The rhizosphere microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating plant health, nutrient acquisition, and overall agricultural productivity. Recent advances in microbial ecology and biotechnology have highlighted the importance of restructuring rhizosphere microbial communities to enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and crop yield. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms through which beneficial soil microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhizal fungi, and endophytes, influence nutrient cycling, root architecture, and stress resilience. Key mechanisms such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, phytohormone production, and microbial signaling are discussed in detail. Emerging innovations, including microbiome engineering, biofertilizers, and precision agriculture approaches, are evaluated for their potential to sustainably improve crop productivity under changing climatic conditions. Additionally, the role of multi-omics tools in understanding plant–microbe interactions and guiding targeted microbiome interventions is emphasized. Despite promising advancements, challenges such as field variability, microbial survival, and scalability remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Future perspectives focus on integrating microbiome-based strategies with conventional agronomic practices to achieve sustainable intensification of agriculture while ensuring environmental and public health safety. This review underscores the critical importance of rhizosphere microbiome restructuring as a viable approach to improving nutrient efficiency and ensuring global food security.Rhizosphere microbiome;
Codon Usage Analysis of Aminnopeptidase N Gene in Order Diptera
Aminopeptidase N (APN) has been identified as Cry toxin-binding proteins in various insects and also responsible for digestion of peptides. An attempt has been made on the APN orthologous to overview the genome-wide analysis of APN gene in Order Diptera. The entire ORF of APN gene sequences belonging to mosquito and non-mosquito species in Order Diptera have been retrieved from NCBI and analysed by various bioinformatics tools. The goal of this study is to perform comparative analysis of APN nucleotide sequences, nucleotide composition, codon usage bias pattern, amino acid composition bias, pattern of conservation among amino acid residues, and phylogenetic analysis among insect species belonging to the order Diptera. Our results may provide useful insights on the patterns of codon usage bias that facilitate a better understanding of the structure and evolution of gene coding sequences of these insects
Functional Profiling of Beneficial Soil Microbes Improving Plant Stress Tolerance: Mechanisms, Applications, and Public Health Implications
Plant stress caused by abiotic and biotic factors poses a significant threat to global agricultural productivity and food security. Beneficial soil microorganisms, particularly plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), mycorrhizal fungi, and endophytic microbes, play a critical role in enhancing plant stress tolerance through diverse functional mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the functional profiling of beneficial soil microbes and their contributions to improving plant resilience under stress conditions such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and pathogen attack. Key mechanisms include phytohormone modulation, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activation, induced systemic resistance, and nutrient acquisition enhancement. Advances in omics technologies, including metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, have facilitated deeper insights into microbial functions and plant–microbe interactions. Emerging approaches such as microbiome engineering, biofertilizer development, and precision agriculture are discussed for their potential to mitigate stress impacts sustainably. Furthermore, the implications of microbial-based stress management strategies for environmental sustainability and public health are highlighted, particularly in reducing agrochemical use and improving food quality. Despite promising developments, challenges related to field variability, microbial survival, and large-scale application remain. Future research directions emphasize the integration of multi-disciplinary approaches to optimize microbial interventions for sustainable agriculture and global health
An Empirical Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Adoption and Workforce Outcomes among Healthcare Professionals
Artificial intelligence is increasingly embedded in clinical and healthcare work processes, reshaping how healthcare professionals perform, experience, and manage their roles. AI-enabled systems such as clinical decision support, diagnostic tools, and patient management systems are increasingly transforming healthcare delivery. While AI adoption is often associated with improvements in clinical efficiency and patient care outcomes, its influence on workforce outcomes remains uneven and insufficiently examined at the individual level. This study empirically examines the impact of AI-enabled work on workforce outcomes among healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and technicians, using a regression-based analytical approach. Primary data were collected from 275 healthcare professionals through a structured questionnaire, and multiple regression analysis was employed to assess the combined influence of workforce-related factors on overall workforce outcomes. Career growth opportunities show a positive influence, while factors related to workload intensity, autonomy, and learning pressure present challenges. The findings further indicate that workforce outcomes are closely linked with patient care quality and diagnostic efficiency, suggesting that the implications of AI extend beyond employees to healthcare service delivery. The study confirms that artificial intelligence adoption has a statistically significant impact on workforce outcomes among healthcare professionals. The results suggest that the effects of AI depend largely on how clinical work is designed, managed, and supported within healthcare organizations. The study offers empirical evidence to support workforce-centered AI adoption strategies and contributes to informed managerial and policy decision-making in the healthcare sector.
Prevalence of Nutritional and Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors Among Young Adults: A Health Screening Study
Early assessment of health modes is crucial in young adults (ages 18–25 years), who experience a critical period of health changes and risk exposure. Screening programs in institutions allow preventive health interventions in this population. Health status, lifestyle patterns, and risk indicators of college students in a screening program at Healthcare Private Limited, Bhubaneswar. A cross-sectional health screening was performed among students aged 18–25 years using a structured nine-section Healthcare & Wellness Assessment Format that included demographics, medical history, sleep patterns, physical activity, nutrition, mental health, lifestyle risks, awareness of preventive care, and clinical parameters. The health measurements assessed were blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), blood glucose test, respiratory rate measurement, hemoglobin level in the blood sample analysis, urine test, and vision tests. Measurements were obtained using standardized instruments. Screening detected differences in nutritional status, lifestyle habits, and clinical parameters. Underweight and overweight BMI categories were also detected. Mild anemia and borderline high blood pressure were observed among the students. Lifestyle factors involved poor sleep, consistently lower physical activity levels, irregular diet, and screen time. The knowledge of preventive healthcare approaches was moderate. The results emphasize the value of health screening programs in the early detection of modifiable risk factors. Instead, institutional wellness assessments may be modelled on preventive healthcare strategies to convey health optimization and early intervention
Uptake and factors associated with HIV self-testing among rural dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria
Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) is an innovative strategy designed to expand access to HIV testing by allowing individuals to test privately and conveniently, thereby addressing stigma, time constraints, and limited access to facility-based services. Despite its potential, uptake among rural populations in Nigeria remains unclear. This study assessed the uptake of HIV self-testing and factors influencing its utilization among rural dwellers in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative design was employed among 218 adults selected through multistage sampling from Ajibode (Akinyele LGA) and Omi Adio (Ido LGA). Data were collected using an adapted structured questionnaire with established validity and reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.70). Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics summarized uptake levels, while chi-square tests and logistic regression identified associated factors and predictors at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: Results revealed extremely low uptake of HIVST, with only 7.8% of respondents having ever used a self-testing kit. Overall, 91.3% demonstrated low uptake based on composite scoring. Major barriers included lack of knowledge on kit use, distrust of results, preference for facility-based testing, and poor accessibility. However, 66.5% expressed willingness to self-test if kits were readily available. Education was the only sociodemographic factor significantly associated with uptake (χ² = 5.151, p = 0.047). Logistic regression identified significant predictors including planning for the future/health responsibility (AOR = 3.362, p = 0.006), encouragement from sexual partners (AOR = 2.545, p = 0.013), and peer encouragement (AOR = 2.384, p = 0.016). Age, gender, employment status, and number of sexual partners were not significantly associated. Conclusion: HIV self-testing uptake among rural dwellers in Ibadan is markedly low despite high willingness. Improving health education, strengthening trust, expanding kit accessibility, and leveraging social support networks are essential to enhance HIVST adoption in rural Nigerian settings.
Host miRNA-Mediated Lineage Control and HPV Transcriptional Regulation: Mechanistic Insights with Environmental Sustainability Perspectives
Viruses cause 10%–15% of human cancers worldwide. Genomic instability, including DNA damage and the accumulation of mutations and aberrations, is the most common outcome of virus-induced reprogramming. One of the most infectious viruses that causes cancer and spreads sexually is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Mostly HPV causes tumours of the cervix, head and neck, anus, penis, vulva, and vagina. Most HPV infections go away within the first two years. However, in some instances, the infection persists, and the lesions develop into cancerous cells. The E7 and E6 oncoproteins are required for cancer development in high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types, particularly HPV 18 and HPV 16. Noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in post-transcriptional regulation in cervical cancer, as they are in other tumours, resulting in abnormal expression profiles. The miRNAs are small, non-coding, single-stranded post-transcriptional units that play a significant role in the mentioned tumours as tumour suppressors and oncogenes. However, the systemic impact of HPV16 on miRNAs is still unknown. These interactions map potential pathways, allowing possible mechanistic links to be identified. Further, we have discussed the prophylactic vaccines, which are currently in use as a preventive measure, and various therapeutic vaccines are still being developed and under clinical trials. The review paper highlights the functions of various miRNAs in HPV-induced cancers, along with HPV epidemiology, genome structure, stages of pathogenesis, the role of miRNAs in cancers, and recent advances made in the field of therapeutics.
Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children And Adolescents: A Comprehensive International Systematic Review of Spectrum, Burden, and Clinical Implications
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents represents a rapidly escalating global public-health crisis. Evidence drawn from multiple continents indicates that the disease follows an accelerated, more aggressive course in youth than in adults, with multi-organ complications appearing far earlier than historically anticipated. Objectives: [1] To characterize the prevalence and cumulative incidence of each major complication domain in youth-onset T2DM using data from international cohorts; [2] to compare complication burden across geographic regions and ethnic populations; and [3] to identify modifiable risk factors to guide evidence-based clinical management. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically from January 1995 to December 2023. Eligible studies enrolled participants aged ≤18 years with T2DM and reported at least one complication outcome. Thirty-eight studies (N = 42,610 participants across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, and Australia) met inclusion criteria. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the Cochrane RoB-2 tool; pooled estimates were generated using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Across all regions, hypertension was the most frequent complication (pooled prevalence 42–68%), followed by diabetic kidney disease (DKD; 22–55%), dyslipidemia (38–52%), retinopathy (13–51%), and peripheral neuropathy (12–32%). MASLD/NAFLD affects 40–70% of patients globally. Data from the USA (TODAY, SEARCH), Asia-Pacific (JADE program), Europe (UK and Italian cohorts), multi-national meta-analyses (Nanayakkara et al., 26 countries), and Australia were convergent in demonstrating that each additional year of younger age at diagnosis conferred a 4–5% incremental increase in vascular complication risk. Mental health disorders affected 15–32% of youth with T2DM across all populations studied. Youth-onset T2DM consistently showed higher complication rates than both adult-onset T2DM of equivalent duration and youth-onset T1DM. Conclusions: Youth-onset T2DM imposes an internationally consistent, uniquely aggressive complication phenotype that transcends ethnic and geographic boundaries. Complications worldwide must implement complication screening from the time of diagnosis, integrate psychosocial support, and adopt newer pharmacotherapies with organ-protective properties. Investment in equitable, globally applicable, pediatric-specific protocols is urgently needed
Sustainable Livestock Production and Its Role in Public Health Nutrition: A Comprehensive Review
Sustainable livestock production has emerged as a central pillar in the transformation of global food systems, particularly in the context of rising population pressures, climate change, and persistent malnutrition. Animal-source foods (ASFs) such as meat, milk, and eggs provide highly bioavailable proteins and essential micronutrients—including iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and essential fatty acids—that are critical for human growth, cognitive development, and overall health. These nutritional benefits are especially significant for vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income regions, where deficiencies in key nutrients remain widespread. However, conventional livestock production systems have been increasingly associated with adverse environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water depletion, and biodiversity loss. In addition, public health concerns such as zoonotic disease transmission, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have intensified scrutiny of current livestock practices. This review critically examines the intersection between sustainable livestock production and public health nutrition, integrating evidence from agriculture, environmental science, and nutritional epidemiology. It explores the multidimensional framework of sustainability—encompassing environmental integrity, economic viability, social equity, and health outcomes—and evaluates how livestock systems can be optimized to deliver safe, nutritious food while minimizing ecological and health risks. The review further highlights innovative strategies such as climate-smart livestock management, precision farming technologies, improved feed efficiency, and integrated crop–livestock systems that enhance productivity and sustainability simultaneously. Policy approaches, including the One Health framework and sustainable dietary guidelines, are discussed as essential mechanisms for aligning livestock production with public health goals. The paper concludes that while livestock systems are indispensable for global nutrition security, their future must be shaped by sustainable intensification, responsible consumption patterns, and robust regulatory frameworks. A balanced and evidence-based approach is required to harness the nutritional benefits of livestock-derived foods while mitigating their environmental footprint and public health risks. This integrated perspective is crucial for achieving long-term food security, improved population health, and environmental sustainability.
Food Systems, Nutrition and Public Health Outcomes: An Integrated Perspective
Food systems encompass the full spectrum of activities and actors involved in the production, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal of food. Their structure and functioning exert profound influences on dietary patterns, nutritional status, and population health outcomes. In recent decades, global food systems have undergone rapid transformation driven by urbanization, economic growth, technological advancement, and globalization. While these changes have improved food availability and reduced hunger in many regions, they have also contributed to new challenges, including the rising prevalence of obesity, diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), environmental degradation, and persistent inequities in access to nutritious foods. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis of the relationships between food systems, nutrition, and public health outcomes. It examines how different components of food systems shape dietary behaviors and nutritional quality, highlighting both positive contributions and adverse consequences. The paper explores key issues such as the dual burden of malnutrition, the environmental impacts of food production, the role of ultra-processed foods, and the implications of globalization and market dynamics. Particular attention is given to vulnerable populations, whose nutritional outcomes are disproportionately affected by systemic inefficiencies and inequities. The review further discusses policy frameworks and intervention strategies aimed at transforming food systems to support healthier and more sustainable diets. Approaches such as the One Health framework, sustainable dietary guidelines, and multisectoral governance are emphasized as critical for addressing complex and interrelated challenges. Innovations in food technology, supply chain management, and agricultural practices are also examined for their potential to improve both nutritional and environmental outcomes. The paper concludes that achieving optimal public health outcomes requires a holistic transformation of food systems that integrates nutritional goals with environmental sustainability, economic resilience, and social equity. Coordinated action across sectors, supported by evidence-based policies and informed consumer behavior, is essential to ensure that food systems contribute positively to human health and well-being in the long term.
Genetically Modified Crops and Public Health: Benefits, Risks, and Policy Debates
Genetically modified (GM) crops have become a prominent component of modern agricultural systems, offering potential solutions to food insecurity, malnutrition, and environmental stress. Through the application of genetic engineering techniques, crops can be enhanced for traits such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, improved nutritional composition, and resilience to climatic stressors. These innovations have significant implications for public health, particularly in addressing micronutrient deficiencies and improving food availability. However, the adoption of GM crops remains contentious due to concerns regarding food safety, environmental impacts, ethical considerations, and socioeconomic consequences. This review critically examines the role of genetically modified crops in shaping public health outcomes, with a balanced evaluation of their benefits, risks, and policy debates. The paper explores how GM crops can contribute to improved nutritional status, reduced pesticide exposure, and enhanced agricultural productivity. At the same time, it assesses potential risks, including allergenicity, unintended genetic effects, biodiversity loss, and the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. The review also addresses broader issues such as regulatory frameworks, public perception, intellectual property rights, and global disparities in technology access. By integrating evidence from agriculture, biotechnology, nutrition, and public health, this paper highlights the need for robust risk assessment, transparent governance, and science-based policymaking. It concludes that while GM crops hold considerable promise for advancing public health and food security, their successful integration into food systems requires careful management of risks, inclusive policy dialogue, and ongoing research to ensure safety, sustainability, and equitable benefits.
Safe Food Systems and Public Health: Role of Agricultural Practices in Preventing Food Borne Diseases
Genetically modified (GM) crops have emerged as a significant innovation in modern agriculture, offering potential solutions to global challenges such as food insecurity, malnutrition, and environmental stress. By enabling precise genetic alterations, GM technology allows for the development of crops with enhanced traits including pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, improved nutritional quality, and resilience to adverse climatic conditions. These advancements have important implications for public health, particularly in improving food availability and addressing micronutrient deficiencies. This review paper examines the role of genetically modified crops in public health, focusing on their benefits, associated risks, and the policy debates that influence their adoption. The paper highlights the potential of GM crops to enhance food security, reduce pesticide exposure, and provide nutrient-enriched food options. At the same time, it critically evaluates concerns related to food safety, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic equity. Issues such as allergenicity, gene flow, resistance development, and corporate control over agricultural inputs are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the paper explores the regulatory frameworks governing GM crops across different regions, emphasizing the importance of science-based risk assessment, transparency, and public engagement. Emerging technologies such as gene editing are also considered in the context of future agricultural innovation, genetically modified crops hold considerable promise for improving public health outcomes; however, their successful integration into food systems requires balanced policies, rigorous scientific evaluation, and inclusive governance to ensure safety, sustainability, and equitable access.
Changing Paradigm of Fatty Liver Management
Metabolically-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is a major health concern globally and is on the rise worldwide. It is a form of chronic liver disease with potentials of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. For long, lifestyle modification remained the only effective intervention for the management of this disease. However, the scenario is now gradually changing. Not only newer drugs are showing promise in the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, but some have also already been approved by different regulatory bodies. These include semaglutide, resmetirom and saroglitazar. Therefore, a shift in the of paradigm of management of patients presenting to us with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and complications is also gradually becoming visible.
Machine Learning Models for Early Detection of Plant Diseases Using Multispectral Imaging: A Comprehensive Review
Plant diseases significantly affect crop productivity and global food security, making early detection essential for sustainable agriculture. Traditional visual diagnosis methods are often slow, subjective, and ineffective during early infection stages. Recent advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning and deep learning techniques enable rapid, non-destructive, and accurate detection of plant diseases before visible symptoms appear. Spectral imaging captures physiological and biochemical changes in plants across visible, near-infrared, red-edge, and thermal bands, while algorithms such as SVM, Random Forest, CNN, RNN, and Vision Transformers effectively classify healthy and diseased plants. This review discusses imaging techniques, preprocessing methods, machine learning models, UAV-based sensing, explainable AI, and edge computing applications in precision agriculture, along with challenges and future directions for smart disease detection systems.
Metagenomic Analysis of Soil Microbial Communities under Regenerative and Conventional Agriculture
Soil microbial communities are essential for maintaining ecosystem stability, nutrient cycling, agricultural productivity, and environmental sustainability. Metagenomic analysis has emerged as a powerful approach for investigating the diversity, structure, and functional potential of soil microorganisms under different agricultural systems. The present review evaluates the microbial dynamics associated with regenerative and conventional agriculture using advanced metagenomic tools including 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Findings from recent studies indicate that regenerative agricultural practices such as cover cropping, crop rotation, reduced tillage, and organic amendments significantly enhance microbial diversity, beneficial taxa abundance, nutrient cycling efficiency, and soil ecological resilience. In contrast, conventional agriculture characterized by intensive tillage and excessive chemical inputs is associated with reduced microbial diversity, increased pathogen prevalence, and enrichment of antimicrobial resistance genes. These microbial alterations have important implications for soil health, food safety, environmental quality, and public health within the One Health framework. The review highlights the importance of integrating metagenomic approaches into sustainable agricultural management and public health policy development.
The Instrumental Enrichment Program [PEI] as a Pedagogical Proposal for the Risks of Exposure in Pesticide Applicators
Pesticide applicators are unaware of the risks to which they are exposed because they do not have specialized equipment to avoid exposure to them, the regulation of pesticides includes shortcomings from environmental legislation, since currently banned agrochemicals are used in Europe and the United States. United since 2007. Objective. Establish as a pedagogical proposal the Instrumental Enrichment Program for pesticide applicators from a qualitative perspective. Material and methods. A systematic review was made on the internet, based on articles indexed in Crossref using keywords such as poisoning, and Instrumental Enrichment Program. Results. The IEP has significant positive effects on reasoning skills in socially and culturally disadvantaged children through brain plasticity. In type II diabetes education in the community of Tenango de Doria, Hidalgo, the study demonstrated a decrease in serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin, after the intervention and in 62 primary school children, a 4.8% reduction in obesity. In summary, of a total of 29 references reviewed, 15% belong to postgraduate thesis, national and international official pages, they deal with the definition of pesticide poisoning and its standardization, 85% of references are to reference articles related to pesticide poisoning and the Instrumental Enrichment program. Conclusions Based on the revised references, the Instrumental Enrichment Program represents an innovative opportunity to work with pesticide applicators with the vision to evoke learning to reduce or avoid exposure to them.
Integrated Use of Biostimulants, Biofertilizers, and Organic Waste Management for Sustainable Remediation of Degraded and Contaminated Soils: A Critical Review
Soil degradation and contamination caused by industrialization, intensive agriculture, and improper waste disposal threaten global food security and ecosystem sustainability. Environmentally compatible approaches such as biostimulants, biofertilizers, and organic waste amendments have emerged as viable tools for restoring soil health and mitigating contaminants. This review synthesizes findings from recent original research to evaluate the effectiveness of these biological interventions in improving soil physicochemical properties, enhancing microbial activity, and facilitating pollutant immobilization or degradation. Biostimulants, including humic substances and seaweed extracts, improve plant resilience and nutrient uptake, while biofertilizers such as nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Organic waste management practices, including composting and biochar application, play a critical role in reducing toxicity and enhancing carbon sequestration. The integration of these strategies demonstrates synergistic effects in remediating degraded soils and supporting sustainable agriculture. However, variability in field performance, lack of standardized application protocols, and limited long-term studies remain key challenges. Future research should focus on multi-functional formulations, microbial consortia optimization, and field-scale validation to ensure practical applicability. This review highlights the potential of biologically driven soil remediation strategies as cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives to conventional methods.
Microbiome Management: Transitioning from Chemical Inputs to Biological Soil Fertility for Sustainable Agriculture
The growing concern over declining soil health under intensive agricultural systems has necessitated a shift toward biologically driven fertility management approaches. Excessive reliance on synthetic fertilizers has been associated with nutrient imbalances, reduced microbial diversity, and environmental degradation. Recent research highlights the soil microbiome as a critical determinant of nutrient cycling and plant productivity. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and archaea regulate key processes including nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and organic matter decomposition. This review synthesizes findings from recent empirical studies to evaluate the role of microbiome management in enhancing soil fertility. Evidence suggests that integrating microbial inoculants, organic amendments, and precision microbiome interventions can improve nutrient use efficiency and crop yield. However, variability in field performance and limited understanding of microbial interactions remain major challenges. The review concludes that microbiome-based strategies provide a viable pathway for sustainable agriculture, but require further refinement for large-scale application.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pharmaceutical-Contaminated Water in Kano State, Nigeria
Pharmaceutical wastewater discharged into open drainage channels around hospitals and pharmaceutical facilities may serve as an important reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria and other contaminants of public health concern. This study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of selected medicinal plant extracts against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates recovered from pharmaceutical-contaminated drainage water in Kano State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected from open drains located outside Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Sabon Gari Pharmaceutical Market, and pharmaceutical facilities in Sharada Industrial Estate. Physicochemical parameters of the wastewater were determined using standard methods. Bacteria were isolated, identified by biochemical characterisation and 16S rRNA confirmation, and tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Psidium guajava, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale were prepared and evaluated against the multidrug-resistant isolates. The wastewater samples showed elevated levels of electrical conductivity (1215–1582 µS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (48.7–73.5 mg/L), and chemical oxygen demand (108.5–152.3 mg/L), exceeding recommended limits. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacterial isolate, accounting for 29.8% of all isolates, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited the highest multidrug resistance rate (71.2%), with marked resistance to ampicillin (92.7%) and tetracycline (75.6%). Among the plant extracts, ethanolic extracts were more active than aqueous extracts. Garlic ethanolic extract showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, producing inhibition zones of 26.8 ± 1.7 mm against Escherichia coli, 29.4 ± 1.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 23.1 ± 1.4 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Guava leaf ethanolic extract also demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of garlic extract ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. The findings indicate that pharmaceutical-contaminated drainage water in Kano State contains highly resistant bacteria and that selected medicinal plants, particularly Allium sativum and Psidium guajava, possess strong antimicrobial activity against these organisms. The study suggests that these plants may provide low-cost alternative agents for the control of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with environmental contamination.pharmaceutical wastewater
Neonatal Jaundice Awareness, Perception and Knowledge Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Selected Private Hospitals in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Neonatal jaundice remains one of the most common neonatal conditions contributing to neonatal morbidity, mortality and preventable neurological complications. Maternal awareness, knowledge and perception play critical roles in early recognition and presentation to the hospital, enabling prompt management. Aim: This study assessed the awareness and perception of neonatal jaundice among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in three private hospitals in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional multi-hospital-based study was conducted among 350 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, knowledge, and perception of neonatal jaundice. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis were employed, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The findings revealed that 85.1% of respondents had heard about neonatal jaundice, with health workers identified as the major source of information (61.7%). Most respondents correctly identified yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin as a sign of neonatal jaundice (69.4%). Overall, 43.7% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of neonatal jaundice, while 22.3% had poor knowledge. Tertiary education (p <0.001), multiparity (p = 0.046), and information obtained from health workers (p = 0.009) were found to be significant predictors of good knowledge. Conclusion: Although awareness of neonatal jaundice was high among the pregnant women, important knowledge gaps and misconceptions still exist. Strengthening antenatal health education on neonatal jaundice is recommended to improve early recognition and appropriate healthcare-seeking behaviour.
Effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase knowledge of respectful childbirth in undergraduate nursing students
Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of an educational intervention to increase knowledge of Respectful Childbirth among undergraduate nursing students. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with second- to sixth-semester undergraduate nursing students. Sociodemographic data were collected, and three theoretical-practical sessions were held. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA; descriptive statistics included means and percentages, and inferential statistics included the chi-square. Results: 50% of the students are dedicated to studying and 50% of them to studying and work. The pretest showed a score of 5.26 with SD 20.4, the posttest 9.46, SD 9.1. Regarding respectful childbirth, the score was 3.8 SD 2.6 with a posttest 9.6 SD 1.09. In the area of pregnancy, the initial score was 7.9 SD 2.11 and the final score 9 with SD 1.68. In labor, the scores were 7.8 and 9.6 respectively with SD 2.57 at the beginning and SD 1.01 at the end. In breastfeeding, the scores were 7.1 and 9.4 SD of 3.4 and 1.3 respectively, for postpartum 4.6 and 9.4, SD 3.4 and 1.3 respectively, and finally, perinatal psychoprophylaxis 0.36 and 9.68 SD of 0.87 and 0.84 respectively. This indicates a significant difference in each of the assessments, as well as in knowledge. Conclusions: The educational intervention showed a significant difference and increased students' knowledge, as well as their concern for respecting women during childbirth, the implementation of dynamic and interactive strategies for students, and the restructuring of academic programs for nursing professionals.
Comparative Analysis of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) Content in Different Mulberry Leaf Varieties and Its Potential Role in Diabetes Management
Mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves are widely recognized for their antidiabetic properties, primarily attributed to the presence of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in DNJ content among different mulberry varieties and assess their potential efficacy in diabetes management. Five commonly cultivated mulberry varieties were analyzed under controlled conditions to quantify DNJ levels using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated significant variation (p < 0.05) in DNJ concentration among the tested varieties, with values ranging from 0.25% to 0.68% (dry weight basis). Variety V3 exhibited the highest DNJ content, followed by V5 and V2, while V1 and V4 showed comparatively lower concentrations. Seasonal variation also influenced DNJ accumulation, with higher levels observed during early summer harvests. The study further evaluated the inhibitory activity of mulberry leaf extracts against α-glucosidase enzyme, revealing a strong positive correlation (r = 0.89) between DNJ content and enzyme inhibition. These findings confirm that mulberry varieties with higher DNJ content possess greater potential for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia. This research highlights the importance of varietal selection and harvest timing in maximizing DNJ yield for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. The results provide a scientific basis for promoting mulberry leaves as a natural therapeutic agent in diabetes management and support their inclusion in nutraceutical formulations.
Effect of Abiotic Stress Conditions on Mulberry Leaf Quality and Its Consequences on Silkworm Growth and Silk Yield
Abiotic stress factors such as drought, temperature extremes, and salinity significantly influence plant growth and productivity, particularly in mulberry (Morus spp.), the sole food source of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of abiotic stress conditions on mulberry leaf quality and its subsequent effects on silkworm growth and silk yield. Mulberry plants were subjected to controlled stress conditions, including water deficit, high temperature, and salinity. Leaf samples were analyzed for nutritional and biochemical parameters such as protein, chlorophyll, moisture content, and total phenolics. Silkworm larvae were reared using leaves obtained from stressed and non-stressed plants, and growth and cocoon parameters were recorded. The results revealed that abiotic stress significantly reduced the nutritional quality of mulberry leaves, with notable declines in protein, chlorophyll, and moisture content. Conversely, an increase in phenolic compounds was observed under stress conditions. Silkworms fed with stressed leaves exhibited reduced larval weight, lower survival rates, and inferior cocoon characteristics, including decreased cocoon weight, shell weight, and silk productivity. Among the stress treatments, drought stress had the most pronounced negative effect. The study highlights the strong relationship between environmental stress, mulberry leaf quality, and sericulture productivity. Mitigating abiotic stress through improved cultivation practices is essential for sustaining silk production and ensuring the economic viability of sericulture.
Impact of Nano-Fertilizer Application on Growth, Yield, and Cocoon Productivity of Mulberry (Morus spp.) in Sericulture Systems
Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in sustainable agriculture, offering innovative solutions to improve nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity. The present study evaluates the impact of nano-fertilizer application on the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of mulberry (Morus spp.), along with its subsequent effects on silkworm (Bombyx mori) cocoon production. A field experiment was conducted using different concentrations of nano-fertilizers applied through foliar and soil treatments, alongside conventional fertilization and untreated control groups. Key growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation, were recorded, while biochemical analyses assessed chlorophyll and protein content of the leaves. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in mulberry growth and leaf quality under nano-fertilizer treatments, particularly at optimized concentrations. Improved chlorophyll content indicated enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, while increased protein levels suggested superior nutritional value of the leaves. When these leaves were fed to silkworms, notable improvements were observed in cocoon yield parameters, including cocoon weight, shell weight, and silk productivity. The enhanced performance of silkworms can be attributed to the improved nutritional profile of mulberry leaves grown under nano-fertilizer regimes, the findings highlight the potential of nano-fertilizers as an efficient and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizers in sericulture. By improving both plant productivity and cocoon yield, nano-fertilizer-based nutrient management can contribute significantly to enhancing silk production and supporting sustainable agricultural practices. Further studies are recommended to standardize application protocols and evaluate long-term ecological impacts.
Biofortification and Public Health Nutrition: Agricultural Innovations for Micronutrient Deficiency
Micronutrient deficiencies, commonly referred to as hidden hunger, remain a major global public health challenge affecting billions of people, particularly in developing countries. Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A, and folate contribute significantly to impaired immunity, anemia, stunted growth, cognitive disorders, maternal mortality, and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Conventional interventions including dietary supplementation and food fortification have shown positive impacts; however, limited accessibility, high implementation costs, and inconsistent coverage continue to restrict their effectiveness among vulnerable populations. Biofortification has emerged as a sustainable agricultural innovation aimed at enhancing the nutritional quality of staple food crops through conventional breeding, agronomic practices, and modern biotechnological approaches. Biofortified crops enriched with essential micronutrients provide a cost-effective and long-term strategy for combating micronutrient malnutrition while improving food security and public health outcomes. The present review critically examines the principles, approaches, health implications, and global progress of biofortification in relation to public health nutrition. The article discusses major biofortified crops, agricultural innovations, nutritional benefits, implementation challenges, and future perspectives for sustainable nutrition-sensitive agriculture. The review highlights that biofortification represents an integrated solution linking agriculture, nutrition, public health, and sustainable development for addressing hidden hunger and promoting global nutritional security.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Mulberry (Morus spp.) Leaves and Its Impact on Gene Expression in Silkworm (Bombyx mori) for Enhanced Silk Production
Mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves serve as the exclusive food source for the silkworm (Bombyx mori), directly influencing its growth, development, and silk production. This study investigates the gene expression profiles associated with mulberry leaf quality and their subsequent impact on silkworm performance using transcriptomic approaches. High-quality and low-quality mulberry leaves were identified based on biochemical parameters and subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Simultaneously, silkworm larvae fed on these leaves were analyzed to determine gene expression changes related to growth and silk protein synthesis. The results revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in high-quality mulberry leaves. In silkworms, genes related to fibroin and sericin synthesis, including Fib-H, Fib-L, and Ser1, were significantly upregulated when fed with high-quality leaves. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated enhanced amino acid metabolism and protein biosynthesis in these larvae. Conversely, silkworms fed with low-quality leaves exhibited increased expression of stress-related genes. This study establishes a molecular link between mulberry leaf quality and silkworm silk production, providing insights into gene-level interactions. The findings highlight the potential of integrating transcriptomics in sericulture to improve silk yield and quality through targeted crop and feeding strategies.
Major Insect Pest Management in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.): A Review
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop supporting more than half of the global population. However, its productivity is severely constrained by insect pests, which cause significant yield losses at different crop growth stages. More than 100 insect species infest rice, but only about 15–20 species are of economic importance. Major pests include stem borers, planthoppers, leaf folders, gall midge, and gundhi bug. Effective pest management requires an integrated approach combining cultural, biological, mechanical, and chemical methods. This review highlights major insect pests of rice, their damage symptoms, and sustainable management strategies with emphasis on Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Weed Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A Review
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops globally and a major contributor to food security. However, weed infestation is a serious constraint in wheat production, causing significant yield and economic losses. Weeds compete with crop plants for nutrients, moisture, light, and space, leading to reduced productivity. Yield losses due to weeds in wheat may reach up to 24% or more depending on weed density and environmental conditions . This review focuses on major weed flora, crop–weed competition, critical periods of weed control, and various weed management strategies including cultural, mechanical, chemical, and integrated approaches. Emphasis is placed on sustainable weed management practices to enhance wheat productivity and environmental safety. Weeds are among the most persistent biotic constraints in wheat production, causing yield losses of 20–40% if unmanaged. Conventional reliance on herbicides has led to resistance in major weed species such as Phalaris minor, necessitating integrated approaches. This review synthesizes cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods, emphasizing Integrated Weed Management (IWM) as a sustainable pathway. Challenges such as herbicide resistance, environmental concerns, and climate variability are discussed, with future directions highlighting precision agriculture, climate-smart practices, and ecological sustainability.