The Interventional Use of Water Treadmill Running During Long Periods of Injury
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/SEMOJ-1-127Keywords:
Immersion, Gait, Injury, Efficiency, Water TreadmillAbstract
The aim of this brief study was to establish the efficacy of waist depth water Aquatic treadmill (ATM) running during a 28-day injury period where normal land based training was not possible. Synchronized tri-axial accelerometers were used to identify running dynamics while expired air and heart rate were sampled on a breath-by-breath basis for physiological variable collection throughout a 15-minute sub-maximal constant speed trial performed preinjury, 28-days following initial injury (ATM training), and a further 10-days following a return to normal land based training. Water treadmill running altered spatio-temporal parameters that positively enhanced measures of running efficiency while reducing stress on the passive structures of the lower limbs. On cessation of ATM spatio-temporal parameters returned to normal while running efficiency remained greater than pre-injury values. As such, if water treadmill running does not hamper the rehabilitation process or negatively alter running technique it is a useful means of maintaining fitness following injury.
References
Hamill J, Derrick T, Holt K. Shock attenuation and stride fre-quency during running. Human Movement Science. 1995; 14: 45-60. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(95)00004-C
Macdermid PW, Fink PW, Stannard SR. Transference of 3D accelerations during cross country mountain biking. Journal of Biomechanics. 2014; 47: 1829-1837. doi: 10.1016/j.jbio-mech.2014.03.024
Mercer JA, Devita P, Derrick TR, Bates BT. Individual effects of stride length and frequency on shock attenuation during run-ning. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 307-313.
Bryan Dixon J. Gastrocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to dif-ferentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2009; 2: 74-77. doi: 10.1007/ s12178-009-9045-8
Daoud AI, Geissler GJ, Wang F, Saretsky J, Daoud YA, Li-eberman DE. Foot strike and injury rates in endurance runners: a retrospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012; 44: 1325-1334. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182465115
van Gent BR, Siem DD, van Middelkoop M, van Os TA, Bier-ma-Zeinstra SS, Koes BB. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a system-atic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007; 41: 469-480. doi: 10.1136/ bjsm.2006.033548
Lun V, Meeuwisse W, Stergiou P, Stefanyshyn D. Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in rec-reational runners. Br J Sports Med. 2004; 38: 576-580. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.005488
Steadman JR. A physician’s approach to the psychology of injury. Psychology of Sport Injury. 1993; 25-32.
Quinn AM, Fallon BJ. The changes in psychological charac-teristics and reactions of elite athletes from injury onset until full recovery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 1999; 11: 210- 229. doi: 10.1080/10413209908404201
Mujika I, Padilla S. Detraining: loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations. Part I. Sports Med. 2000; 30: 79-87.
Houmard J, Hortobagyi T, Johns R, et al. Effect of short-term training cessation on performance measures in distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1992; 13: 572-576. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024567
Houston ME, Bentzen H, Larsen H. Interrelationships be-tween skeletal muscle adaptations and performance as studied by detraining and retraining. Acta Physiol Scand. 1979; 105: 163-170. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1979.tb06328.x
Coyle EF, Hemmert M, Coggan AR. Effects of detraining on cardiovascular responses to exercise: Role of blood volume. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 60: 95-99.
Coyle EF, Martin W, Bloomfield SA, Lowry O, Holloszy J. Effects of detraining on responses to submaximal exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1985; 59: 853-859.
Mujika I. The influence of training characteristics and taper-ing on the adaptation in highly trained individuals: a review. Int J Sports Med. 1998; 19: 439-446. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971942
Crossman J. Psychological rehabilitation from sports inju-ries. Sports Med. 1997; 23: 333-339.
Bushman BA, Flynn MG, Andres FF. Effect of 4 wk of deep water run training on running performance. Med. Sci. Sports Ex-erc. 1997; 29: 694-699.
Eyestone ED, Fellingham G, George J, Fisher AG. Effect of water running and cycling on maximum oxygen consumption and 2-mile run performance. Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21: 41-44.
Wilber RL, Moffatt RJ, Scott BE, Lee D, Cucuzzo NA. Influ-ence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic perfor-mance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28: 1056-1062.
Macdermid PWF, Stannard SR. Shock attenuation, spatio-temporal and physiological parameter comparisons between land treadmill and water treadmill running. Journal of Sport and Health Science. In Press.
Derrick TR, Hamill J, Caldwell GE. Energy absorption of impacts during running at various stride lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998; 30: 128.
Hamill J, Derrick T, Holt K. Shock attenuation and stride frequency during running. Human Movement Science. 1995; 14: 45-60. doi: 10.1016/0167-9457(95)00004-C
Alkurdi W, Paul DR, Sadowski K, Dolny DG. The effect of water depth on energy expenditure and perception of effort in female subjects while walking. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education. 2010; 4: 49-60.
Chapman RF, Laymon AS, Wilhite DP, Mckenzie JM, Tan-ner DA, Stager JM. Ground contact time as an indicator of meta-bolic cost in elite distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012; 44: 917-925. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182400520
Gleim GW, Nicholas JA. Metabolic costs and heart rate re-sponses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures. Am J Sports Med. 1989; 17: 248-252.
Kato T, Onishi S, Kitagawa K. Kinematical analysis of un-derwater walking and running. Sports Medicine, Training & Re-habilitation. 2001; 10: 165. doi: 10.1080/10578310210396
Järvinen TAH, Järvinen TLN, Kääriäinen M, Kalimo H, Järvinen M. Muscle injuries: Biology and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2005; 33: 745-764. doi: 10.1177/0363546505274714
Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: A new perspec-tive. 1990.
Banister E, Calvert T, Savage M, Bach T. A systems model of training for athletic performance. Aust J Sports Med. 1975; 7: 57-61.
MacDougall JD, Wenger HA, Green HJ. Physiological test-ing of the high-performance athlete. Champaign, Ill: Human Ki-netics Books; 1991.
Shiojiri T, Shibasaki M, Aoki K, Kondo N, Koga S. Effects of reduced muscle temperature on the oxygen uptake kinetics at the start of exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997; 159: 327-333. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.00120.x
Rutledge E, Silvers WM, Browder K, Dolny D. Metabolic cost comparison of submaximal land and aquatic treadmill exer-cise. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education. 2007; 1: 118-133.
Spilsbury KL, Fudge BW, Ingham SA, Faulkner SH, Nimmo MA. Tapering strategies in elite British endur-ance runners. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015; 15: 367-373. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.955128
Weyand PG, Sandell RF, Prime DN, Bundle MW. The bio-logical limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 108: 950-961. doi: 10.1152/japplphysi-ol.00947.2009
Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. 2000; 89: 1991-1999.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
