Cadmium Induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Effect of Quercetin and Embilica Officinalis Plant Extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/TFMOJ-2-114Keywords:
Quercetin, Embilica officinalis, Antioxidant enzymes, Oxidative stressAbstract
Background: Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal that is widely distributed throughout the biosphere. The present investigation is aimed to assess the antioxidant potential of Quercitin and Embilica officinalis (amla) extracts, which are reported to have a wide range of pharmacological properties including the efficacy of these selected substances on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation status in the liver tissue of rats during cadmium intoxication.
Methods: After three weeks of cadmium oral administration, certain specific enzymes of the hepatic tissue of Wistar rats were assayed.
Results: After three weeks of cadmium oral administration, certain specific enzymes of the hepatic tissue including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly elevated, thus indicating cellular damage. The concentration of lipid peroxidation markers represented by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides and protein carbonyl contents of the liver tissue were significantly elevated, whereas vitamin C and E levels were found to be significantly reduced. But the activity of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidise (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were found to be significantly inhibited.
Conclusion: The results obtained in the present investigation clearly demonstrates the antioxidant potential of Quercetin and E. officinalis extract, by ways of decreasing lipid peroxidation against cadmium induced oxidative stress in rats.
References
Ojo OA, Ajiboye BO, Oyinloye BE, Ojo AB. Prophylactic effects of Ethanolic extracts of Lrvingia gobonensis stem bark against cadmium-induced toxicity in Albino Rats. Advances in Pharmaceutics. 2014; 2014: 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2014/894610
El-Refaiy AI, Eissa FI. Histopathology and cytotoxicity as biomarker in treated rats with calcium and some therapeu-tic agents. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2013; 20: 265-280. doi: 10.1016/j. sjbs.2013.02.004
Bertin G, Averbeck D. Cadmium, cellular effects, modifica-tions of biomolecules, modulation of DNA. Repair and genotox-ic consequences (A review). Biochemie. 2006; 18: 1549-1559. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.001
Rani A, Kumar A, Lal A, Pant M. Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: A review. Int J Environ Health Res. 2014; 24: 378-399. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2013.835032
Kumari K, Khare A, Dauge S. The applicability of oxidative Stress biomarkers in assessing chromium induced toxicity in the Fish Labeo rohita. Biorad Research International. 2014; 2014: 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2014/782493
Karima D, Samir H, Ines G, et al. Combined effects of Cd and Hg on liver and kidney histology and function in wister rats. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment. 2016; 5: 159-169. doi: 10.4236/jacen.2016.54017
Oganjanovic BI, Markovic SD, Pavlovic SZ, Zikic RV, Stajn AS, Saicic ZS. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on Antioxi-dant defense system in some tissues of rats. Protective effect of selenium. Physiol Res. 2008; 57: 403-411. Web site. http://www. biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/57/57_403.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2017.
Rikans LE, Yamano T. Mechanisms of cadmium mediated active hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2000; 14: 110- 117. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0461(2000)14:2<110::AID-JBT7>3.0.CO;2-J
Haouem S, El Hani A. Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxida-tion and on some antioxidants in the liver, kidneys and testes of rats given diet containing cadmium polluted radish bulbs. J Toxicol Pathol. 2013; 26: 359-364. doi: 10.1293/tox.2013-0025
Valko M, Morvis H. Cronin MTD. Metals, toxicity and oxi-dative stress. Curr Med Chem. 2005; 12: 1101-1208.
Watanabe M, Henmi K, Ogawa K, Suruki T. Cadmium depen-dent generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochonondrial DNA breaks in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic strains of Euglena gracilis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003; 134: 227-234. doi: 10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00253-3
Renugadevi J, Prabu SM. Ameliorative effect of quercetin against cadmium induced toxicity in liver of wistar rats. Cell Tissue Res. 2009; 9(1): 1665-1672.
Renugadevi J, Milton PS. Cadmium – induced hepatotoxic-ity in rats and the protective effect of Naringenin. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology. 2010; 62: 171-181. doi: 10.1016/j. etp.2009.03.010
Haouem S, Chargui I, Najar MF, Sriha B, FI-Hani A. Liver function and structure in rats treated simultaneously with cad-mium and mercury. J Pathol. 2013; 3: 26-31. doi: 10.4236/ojpa-thology.2013.31005
Hicleaki S, Yasutake A, Hirashima T, et al. Strain differ-ences of cadmium accumulation by liver slices of inbred wistar – Imamichi and fiscer 344 rats. Toxicol in vitro. 2008; 22 : 338- 343. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.013
He X, Chen Mg, Ma Q. Activation of Nrf2 in defense against cadmium – induced oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008; 21: 1375-1385. doi: 10.1021/tx800019a
Kumara K, Khare A, Dange S. The applicability of oxida-tive stress Biomarkers in assembling chromium induced toxicity in the fish Labeo rohita. Biomed Research International. 2014; 2014: 1-14. doi: 10.1155/2014/782493
Fraga CG, Leibovitz BE, Toppel AL. Lipid Peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in tis-sue slices characterization and comparison with homogenate and microsomes. Free Radic Biol Med. 1988; 4: 155-161. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(88)90023-8
Jiang ZY, Hunt JV, Wolff SD. Ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of xylenol orange for detection of lipid hydroperoxide in low-density lipoprotein. Anal Biochem. 1992; 202: 384-389. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90122-N
Levine RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, et al. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzy-mol. 1990; 186: 464-478. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)86141-H
Ellman GL. Tissue Sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Bio-phys. 1959; 82: 70-77. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
Onaye ST, Turbull TP, Saberchich. Selected methods for determination of Ascorbic acid in cells, tissues and fluids. Methods in Enzymology. 1979; 6: 3-11. doi: 10.1016/0076- 6879(79)62181-X
Desai ID. Vitamin E analysis method for animal tissues. Methods in Enzymology. 1984; 105: 138-143. doi: 10.1016/ S0076-6879(84)05019-9
Kakkar P, Das B, Viswanathan PN. A modified Spec-trophotometric assay of Superoxide dismutase. Ind J Bio-chem Biophys. 1984; 21: 130-132. Web site. http://hdl.handle. net/123456789/19932. Accessed January 31, 2017.
Sinha KA. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972; 47: 389-394. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7
Rotruck J, Pope TAL, Gauther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG. Selenium biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science. 1973; 179: 588-590. doi: 10.1126/sci-ence.179.4073.588
Habig WH, Michael JP, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-Trans-ferase: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem. 1974; 249(22): 7130-7139. Web site. http://www. jbc.org/content/249/22/7130.short. Accessed January 31, 2017.
Reitman S, Frankel SA. Colorimetric method for the deter-mination of serum glutamic oxaloacetate and glutamic pyru-vic transaminases. Amer J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28: 56-63. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
Moran MS, Difierre JW, Mannervick B. Levels of glutathi-one, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activi-ties in rat lung and liver. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1979; 582: 67- 68. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7
Bodansky AI. Determination of inorganic phospnate Beer’s law and interfering substances in the KuttnerLichtentein meth-od. J Biol Chem. 1933; (99): 197-206.
Srikanthan TN, Krishnamoorthy CR. Tetrazolium test for de-hydrogenases activity. J Biol Chem. 1960; 235: 499-504.
Ohkawa H, Osishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95: 351-358. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275.
Galan A, Garcia BL, Troyano A, et al. The role of intracel-lular oxidation in death induction (apoptosis and necrosis) in human promonocytic cells treated with stress inducers (cad-mium, Heat, X-rays). Eur J Cell Biol. 2001; 80: 312-320. doi: 10.1078/0171-9335-00159
He X, Chen Mg, Ma Q. Activation of Nrf2 in defense against cadmium-induced oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol. 2008; 21: 1375-1385. doi: 10.1021/tx800019
Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Garrel C, et al. Preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced oxidative stress. In the rat testis. J Reprod Dev. 2008; 54: 129-134. doi: 10.1262/jrd.18110
Stohs SJ, Bagchi D, Hassoun E, Bagchi M. Oxidative mech-anisms in the toxicity of chromium and cadmium ions. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2001; 20: 77-88. doi: 10.1615/JEnviron-PatholToxicolOncol.v20.i2.10
Casalino E, Sblano C, Landriscina C. Enzyme activity al-teration by cadmium admistration to rats: The possibility of iron involvement in lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997; 346: 171-179. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0197
Weber D, Davis MJ, Tilman G. Determination of protein carbonyls in plasma, cell extracts, tissue homogenates, isolated proteins: Focus on sample preparation and derivatization con-ditions. Redox Biology. 2015; 5: 367-380. doi: 10.1016/j.re-dox.2015.06.005
Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicol-ogy. 2003; 192: 95-117. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6
Nair AR, Degheselle O, Smeets K, Van Kerkhove F, Cuypers A. Cadmium induced pathologics: Where is the oxidative bal-ance lost (or not)? Int J Mol Sci. 2013; 14: 6116-6143. doi: 10.3390/ijms14036116
Boots AW, Drent M, de Boer VC, Bast A, Haenen GR. Quer-cetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis. Clin Nutr. 2011; 30(4): 506-512. doi: 10.1016/j. clnu.2011.01.010
Boots AW, Haenen GR, Bast A. Health effects of querce-tin: From antioxidant to nutraceutical. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008; 585(2-3): 325-337. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.008
Scurtezzini P, Antognoni P, Raggi MA, Poli F, Sabbioni C. Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of the fruit and of the ayurvedic preperation of Emblica officinalis gaertin. J Ethno-pharmacol. 2006; 104: 113-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.065
Shaikh ZA, Vu TT, Zaman K. Oxidative stress as a mecha-nism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal tox-icity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999; 154: 256-263. doi: 10.1006/taap.1998.8586
Oganjanovic BI, Markovic SD, Pavlovic SZ, Zikic RV, Stajn AS, Saicic ZS. Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxi-dant defence system in some tissues of rats. Protective effect of selenium. Physiol Res. 2008; 57: 403-411. Web site. http://www. biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/57/57_403.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2017.
Kant V, Mehta M, Varshneya C, Chauhan S. Induction of oxidative stress by sub acute oral exposure of cadmium sulphate in adult poultry. Braz J Vet Pathol. 2011; 4(2): 117-121. doi: http://revistas.bvs-vet.org.br/bjvp/article/view/36192. Accessed January 31, 2017.
Kumar P, Prasad Y, Patra AK, et al. Ascorbic acid, garlic extract and taurine alleviate cadmium induced oxidative stress in freshwater cat fish Clarias batrachus. Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407(18): 5024-5030. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.030
Sakr SA, Bayomy MF, FI-Morsy AM. Rosemary extract ame-liorates cadmium Induced histological changes and oxidative damage in the liver of albino rat. The Journal of Basic and Ap-plied Zoology. 2015; 71: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2015.01.002
Sharma V, Janmeda P. Protective assessment of euphor-bia Neriitolia and its isolated aavonoid Against N-nitrosodi-ethylamine-induced hepatic carcinogenesis in male mice: A histopathological analysis. Toxicol Int. 2017; 21: 37-43. doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.128790
Virk P, Elobeid M, Hamad S, et al. Ameliorative effect of Embilica officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis on cadmium in-duced oxidative stress in wistar rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2013; 7(4): 805-818. doi: 10.5897/JMPR13.2593
Lippmann M. Human exposures and their health effects. In: Environmental Toxicants. 2nd ed. NJ, USA: Wiley Inter Sciences; 2000: 824-829.
Ramesh B, Satakopan VN. Antioxidant activities of hy-droalcoholic extract of Ocimum santum against cadmium in-duced toxicity. India J Clin Biochem. 2010; 25(3): 307-310. doi: 10.1007/s12291-010-0039-5
Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Antibacterial activities of Embilica of-ficinalis and Coriandrum sativus against gram negative urinary pathogens. Park J Pharm Sci. 2002; 20(1): 32-35.
Halliwell B, Gutterberidge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University; 2006.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Toxicology and Forensic Medicine (TFM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
