Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, Bedelle Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, P. O. Box 15, Bedelle, EthiopiaEthiopia
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Introduction Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference. Results Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean. Conclusion In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV, which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.
Keywords: Cross-sectional; Ethiopia; Delthamethrine; Packed cell volume, Pour-on, Prevalence of trypanosomosis, “t” test
T rypanosomosis is an important livestock disease of the African continent and a big challenge for cattle health and economic performance in sub-Sahara Africa.1 It reduces milk and meat production and income.2 It indirectly impairs land use by reducing the draft power, productivity of oxen. Because of the risk of this disease, farmers keep away from productive tsetse-fly-infested lands, which might very important to fill higher food in thend inthe current steady growing human population of sub-Sahara Africa.3 It is predictable to cause three million deaths of cattle yearly and direct economic loss of US$ 1-1.2 billion in cattle production. Accounting for indirect, economic losses, sub-Sahara Africa might lose up to 4.75 billion of gross domestic product (GDP) per year.3 In sub-Sahara ABSTRACT
Trypanosomosis is a bottleneck on the livelihood of farmers in the study area and the Ethiopian government has been using 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets and 1% pour-on to reduce the impact of this disease on food security. However, there was no information on the effect of this chemical on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Deltamethrine in controlling trypanosomiasis.
Cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle of two districts of Buno Bedele Zone in April 2020 and 2022. Paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) statistics version 21. The approach followed to complete the study was implementing a pre-intervention phase to know the status of trypanosoma before using a chemical in April 2020 and an intervention phase using deltamethrine chemical on cattle at a rate of 1 mL/10 kg body weight and 0.4% Delthamethrine impregnated targets from October 2021 to March 2022. The post-intervention was done in April 2022 to evaluate the prevalence difference.
Out of 576 cattle during pre-intervention 159 (27.60%) cattle were positive with a mean packed cell volume (PCV) of 20.68%. During post-intervention out of 576 cattle, 27 (4.70%) cattle were positive with a mean PCV of 26.10%. For the study, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval ( t=3.035, p<0.05). Delthamethrine chemical application reduces the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval ( t=-84.66, p<0.05) that Delthamethrine chemical application increased the PCV of cattle by five estimated mean.
In both districts, there was strong evidence that deltamethrin chemical application reduces the prevalence of trypanosome parasites. Deltamethrin chemical application increased cattle’s PCV , which showed that an intervention was encouraging to suppress trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.
Cross-sectional; Ethiopia; Delthamethrine; Packed cell volume, Pour-on, Prevalence of trypanosomosis, “t” test.
Copyright 2022 by Wakgari M. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. cc
Africa livestock production is responsible for forty percent of total farmers’ income across all livestock production systems.1
Ethiopia is one of these countries that have been being challenged by trypanosomosis and about 14 million heads of cattle are exposed to the risk of trypanosomosis. It is not only the production loses of animals recovering from the disease but the huge economic impact caused by the disease is that it has led to thousands of hectors of land unfit for settlement and cultivation. In addition, some drugs are applied to treat diseased animals, which are costly and drug resistance is becoming a big challenge. It causes direct and indirect losses and is one of the most considerable and costly diseases in Ethiopia hindering the effort made for food adequacy.4 To overcome the impact of this disease, institutions like Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), work together with the African Union by providing technical and financial support to eradicate the disease and spent a significant amount of financial and non-financial resources, however, trypanosomosis remains a threat to sub-Sahara Africa.5 Various tsetse fly and trypanosomosis controlling techniques have been used in the past years. 6,7 Treating sick animals using trypanocide is one of the most commonly used approaches.8,9 Preventive actions that target the tsetse fly vector itself are broadly used in different communities. These actions include: clearing the habitat of the tsetse fly, using baited targets, sequential aerosol technique (SAT), ground spraying, insecticidetreated cattle (ITC) and sterile insect technique (SIT).6,10 Despite the main successes of using these approaches, with few exceptions, sub-Sahara Africa has not still been able to control trypanosomosis.11 Implementers of the control techniques on the ground and African livestock policymakers face several challenges.12 Drug resistance is one of the challenges facing livestock producers.13 Low quality and counterfeit drugs further worsen the problem of resistance to trypanocides.6,14 The financial sustainability of some of the techniques (e.g., aerial or ground spraying, SAT and SIT) has been questioned. 6 Clearing forests and vegetation, killing game animals, and pesticide spraying are not environmentally friendly.9 In Buno Bedelle zone Borecha and Dabo Hana districts trypanosomosis is endemic due to high tsetse infestation. In these areas to minimize the impact of this disease on the livelihood of poor farmers application of the delthamethrine chemical has been implemented. Accordingly, 0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on formulation to control tsetse and trypanosomosis was carried out in two selected districts. So the objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of the trypanosoma parasite difference after the intervention was done using the delthamethrine chemical.
The study was conducted in April 2020 and 2022 in Borecha and Dabo Hana districts of Buno Bedelle zone, Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. Buno Bedelle zone is located in the western part of Ethiopia and is bounded on the south by Ilubabor zone, on the north by the East Wollega zone, on the west by again Ilubabor zone, and the East Jimma zone (Figure 1).
Borecha district is located about 464 km west of Addis Ababa at an altitude between 1400-2100 meters above sea level. The districttown of, Yanfa lies between 08°14’ N latitude and E 36º35’ E longitude with a temperature range of 15-21 °C. It receives rainfall ranging from 1300-2000 mm. The livestock population of the district is estimated to be 249786 cattle, 35321 sheep, 37895 goats and 8,417 equines. The study was done in three peasant associations, namely Danaba, Nataro and Markafo with a cattle population of 19740, 11230, and 8533 respectively. In these three kebele Danaba, Nataro, and Markefo 119 L, 122 L and 130 L of 1% delthamethrine was respectively applied to cattle in 2021 (66 cattle per 1 L of 1% delthamethrine). Also, 4,50 targets were de ployed in three kebel of Borecha district.15 Dabo Hana district is located about 510 km west of Addis Ababa at an altitude between 1600-2200 meters above sea level. district town, Kone lies between 08°41’ N latitude and 36°17’ E longitude with a temperature range of 18-24 °C. It gains rainfall ranging from 1200-1800 mm. The livestock population of the district is estimated to be 78,576 cattle, 22,428 sheep, 25,516 goats, and 9,966 equines. The study was done in three peasant associations namely Dhidessa, Loko, and Lilo Sato with cattle popula tions of 3512, 2717, and 29,300 respectively. In these three kebele Didessa, Loko and Lilo Sato 79 L, 134 L and 111 L of 1% delthamethrine were respectively applied to cattle in 2021(66 cattle per 1 L of 1% delthamethrine). Also, 900 targets were deployed in three kebele of the Dabo Hana district.15
The study population was bovines from six kebele’s of two districts. The farming system of cattle in the study areas was extensive mixed crop-livestock production system. The assessment of prevalence of trypanosomosis was done in 2020 (pre-intervention) and 2022 (post intervention). The intervention phase was done in 2021 by Deltamethrine (0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on formulation) to control tsetse and trypanosomosis. Post-intervention trypanosomosis prevalence (monitoring) was done after intervention in 2022 to estimate prevalence difference due to the application of delthamethrine and targets on control of trypanosomosis.
The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence difference of trypanosomosis using a cross-sectional study design and a simple random sampling technique was used to select the sampling unit.16 Sample sizes from the two districts were 576 cattle which was a large sample size.17
Monitoring of trypanosome infections: Blood was collected from the ear-vein via heparinized capillary tubes, centrifuged at 8000 for 5-minutes, and examined for the presence of trypanosomes using Cross Sectional Study | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | the phase-contrast, buffy-coat technique and its packed red cell volume.18 Packed-redcell volume (PCV) was then considered and the buffy coat method was functional: thin smears were done with buffy coats and examined for trypanosome detection with a microscope (40×10).Trypanosome species were recognized morphologically. During the assessment period, positive animals to the buffy coat method were treated with diminazene aceturate 7mg/kg.19
Packed cell volume: Haemoparasites affect the volume of cells by haemolysis which results in anaemia. Therefore, PCV will help to analyze the concentration of blood cells in the animals’ bodies.19 Data Management and Analysis All the data obtained from the field was recorded in the record sheet format and later entered into the computer and managed using Microsoft Excel worksheet and paired samples “t” test statistic was used to summarize data by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Statistics version 21. Prevalence was defined as the number of bovines found positive for one or more trypanosomes from the sample population which was representative of the study population.
Assessments during pre-intervention were done in both districts of six kebele and 576 cattle were sampled with a total prevalence of 27.60%. The most common species of trypanosoma was trypanosoma congolense (12.67%) followed by T. vivax (8.70%), mixed infections (5.60%) of (T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei) and (5.20%) T. brucei (Table 1).
Post-intervention assessment after application of chemical was done in the same kebele and herd. Accordingly, the most common species of trypanosoma were trypanosoma congolense (2.6%) followed by T. vivax (2.1%) and no mixed infections (Table 2). The prevalence of trypanosoma species was reduced after intervention (Table 2). The overall differences in prevalence between pre and post-intervention of delthamethrine chemical application showed a positive association of the chemical with trypanosoma species (p<0.05, Table 3) and negative associations with the increased PCV of cattle after intervention (p<0.05, Table 4).
The overall mean PCV was increased from pre-intervention 72Cross Sectional Study | Volume 7 | Issue 2 | T able 1. Pre-intervention Prevalence and Mean PCV Pre-intervention Prevalence T otal Mean PCVDistrict No. Animals T. congolense T. vivax T. brucei Mixed Dabo Hana 288 46 28 17 21 95 21.19 Boracha 288 27 22 13 11 64 20.16 T otal 576 73 50 30 32 159 20.68 Prevalence 12.67% 8.70% 5.20% 5.60% 27.60% T able 2. Pre-intervention Prevalence and Mean PCV Pre-intervention Prevalence T otal Mean PCVDistrict No. Animals T. congolense T. vivax T. brucei Mixed Dabo Hana 288 9 1 0 0 10 26.48 Boracha 288 6 11 0 0 18 25.67 T otal 576 15 12 0 0 27 26.1 Prevalence 2.6% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% 4.7% T able 3. Prevalence Paired Differences Paired Differences t Df Sig.
(2-tailed)Mean Standar Deviation Standar Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper pre–post 10.07 7.42 3.32 0.85 19.29 3.035 4 0.039 T able 4. Packed-cell Volume Paired Differences Paired Differences t Df Sig.
(2-tailed)Mean Standar Deviation Standar Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper pre–post -5.40 0.11 0.064 -5.681 -5.132 -84.66 2 0.000 (20.68%) to 26.10% (post-intervention) the significance of the mean difference between interventions showed an association of delthamethrine chemical with PCV (p<0.05, Table 4). From this research, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval ( t=3.035, p<0.05) that delthamethrine chemical application reducesthe prevalence of trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean (Table 3). Also there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t =-84.66, p<0.05) that delthamethrine chemical application increasedthe PCV of cattle by five estimated means (Table 4).
It has been interesting to evaluate the effect of the delthamethrine chemical on trypanosoma parasite control since it was endemic and has been considered a bottleneck on the livelihood of poor farmers. Ethiopian government has been using this chemical to suppress the impact of this disease and bait techniques has been consideredto be environmentally more friendly. 20 That was the major thrust in the recently launched project ‘Farming in Tsetse Control Areas of East Africa (FITCA)’, which is sponsored by the European Union (EU). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence difference in both districts 1% or 20% delthamethrine chemical was positively associated with trypanosoma parasites (p<0.05).
In study areas after chemical application via 0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on prevalence and PCA difference was assessed and significantly associated with trypanosomosis ( p< 0.05) in agreement with studies21,22 that showed Deltamethrine has successfully controlled bovine trypanosomosis in different parts of Africa. Also in agreement with a study of Gimonneau et al 23 that showed Trypanosomosis prevalence was significantly reduced and PCV of the treated cattle increased significantly.
In all study areas prevalence of T. congolense , T. vivax, T. brucei and mixed infections (T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei) were reduced after intervention (p<0.05) that in agreement with studies.21,23 This study indicated deltamethrine chemical was effective in killing biological flies (tsetse fly) that intermediate host to trypanosoma parasitessince the prevalence was reduced after an intervention. The prevalence difference between districts could be dose, either chemical applied to animal or not, the number of targets deployed, sites of target deployed, a number of animals treated with chemical “pour on” and so on.
In both districts, there wasstrong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=3.035, p<0.05) that delthamethrine chemical application reducesthe prevalence of trypanosoma parasite by ten estimated mean. Also, there was strong evidence at a 95% confidence interval (t=-84.66, p<0.05) delthamethrine chemical application increased PCV of cattle by five estimated mean that showed an intervention was encouraging to suppress Trypanosomosis and should be continually implemented to keep the intervention difference.
Due to the long time between pre and post-intervention studies, there was some cattle dynamism from one kebele to other.
A local ethics committee ruled that no official ethics approval was required to carry out this study. Before conducting the study, informed permission was obtained from the owners of the cattle used in this study.