Non-Surgical Sterilization Methods in Male Animals: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-4-136Keywords:
Male animal; Non-surgical sterilization; Castration; Chemicals; TesticleAbstract
Non-surgical sterilization technique in animals is an ancient practice and dates back to 7000 BC. Surgical castration in animals
has been applied for centuries to control the animal population, advance genetic selection, improve calmness of aggressive animals and mainly to ensure and selectively provide high-quality meat production for human consumption. An ideal method of
castration should cause permanent block to spermatogenesis and inhibit androgenetic enzymes with low-cost of treatment and
doesn’t affect the welfare of the animal. Even if operative methods are the main methods of castration, hormonal castration and
chemical castration are also an alternative and equivalent method of sterilization. Over the past years, non-surgical sterilization has
found application in male dogs, cats, monkeys, goats, bulls, hamsters and rabbits. Calcium chloride, lactic acid, sodium chloride,
chlorhexidine, formalin, zinc tannate, zinc gluconate, glycerol, glucose, ethanol and silver nitrate are commonly used in chemical
castration. After intratesticular application, degeneration of seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells, decrease in testosterone and
sperm production, testicular atrophy is observed. In this review, the approaches of chemical castration were mentioned in different male animals.
References
Auer JA, Stick J. Reproductive System in Equine Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia,USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2006: 282-295.
Ibrahim A, Ali MM, Abou-Khalil NS, Ali MF. Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castra-tion in donkeys: Testosterone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12(1): 46. doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0670-3
Jana K, Samanta PK. Sterilization of male stray dogs with a sin-gle intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: A dose-dependent study. Contraception. 2007; 75(5): 390-400. doi: 10.1016/j.contracep-tion.2007.01.022
Leoci R, Aiudi G, Silvestre F, Lissner EA, Marino F, Lacalandra GM. A dose-finding, long-term study on the use of calcium chlo-ride in saline solution as a method of nonsurgical sterilization in dogs: Evaluation of the most effective concentration with the low-est risk. Acta Vet Scand. 2014; 56(1): 63. doi: 10.1186/s13028-014- 0063-1
Matsumoto AM. Is high dosage testosterone an effective male contraceptive agent? Fertil Steril. 1988; 50(2): 324-328. doi: 10.1016/ S0015-0282(16)60081-X
Swerdloff R, Wang C, Bhasin S. Developments in the control of testicular function. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 6(2): 451- 483. doi: 10.1016/s0950-351x(05)80158-2
Dube D, Assaf A, Pelletier G, Labrie F. Morphological study of the effects of an GnRH agonist on the canine testis after four months of treatment and recovery. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1987; 116(3): 413-417. doi: 10.1530/acta.0.1160413
Wu FC, Aitken RJ. Suppression of sperm function by depot me-droxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate in steroid male contraception. Fertil Steril. 1989; 51(4): 691-698. doi: 10.1016/ s0015-0282(16)60623-4
Tremblay Y, Bélanger A. Reversible inhibition of gonadal func-tions by a potent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in adult dog. Contraception. 1984; 30(5): 483-497. doi: 10.1016/0010- 7824(84)90039-8
Gonzalez A, Allen A, Post K, Mapletoft R, Murphy B. Immu-nological approaches to contraception in dogs. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1989; 39: 189-198.
Leoci R, Aiudi G, Silvestre F, Lissner EA, Lacalandra GM. Al-cohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chlo-ride non-surgical sterilization in dogs. Acta Vet Scand. 2014; 56(1): 62. doi: 10.1186/s13028-014-0062-2
Canpolat I, Gur S, Gunay C, Bulut S, Eroksuz H. An evalua-tion of the outcome of bull castration by intra-testicular injection of ethanol and calcium chloride. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 2006; 157(8/9): 420.
Jana K, Samanta P, Ghosh D. Evaluation of single intrates-ticular injection of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization of male Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus): A dose-dependent study. Anim Reprod Sci. 2005; 86(1-2): 89-108. doi: 10.1016/j.anirepro-sci.2004.05.021
Hassan A, Fromsa A. Review on chemical sterilization of male dogs. Int J Adv Res. 2017; 5(11): 758-770. doi: 10.21474/ IJAR01/5828
Immegart HM, Threlfall WR. Evaluation of intratesticular in-jection of glycerol for nonsurgical sterilization of dogs. Am J Vet Res.. 2000; 61(5): 544-549. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.544
Pařizek J. The third oliver bird lecture sterilization of the male by Cadmium salts. Reproduction. 1960; 1(3): 294-309.
Heath E, Arowolo R. The early histopathologic effects of in-tratesticular injection with hyperosmolar glycerol, glucose or NaCl solutions. Andrologia. 1987; 19(6): 654-661. doi: 10.1111/j.1439- 0272.1987.tb01922.x
Fordyce G, Hodge PB, Beaman NJ, Laing AR, Campero C, Shepherd RK. An evaluation of calf castration by intra-testicular injection of a lactic acid solution. Aust Vet J. 1989; 66: 272-276. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13950.x
Mitra B, Samanta P. Testicular degeneration of scrub bulls by calcium chloride. Indian J Vet Sur. 2000; 21(1): 37-38.
Alper B, İbrahim C. Chemical sterilization in domestic animals. Research in Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 3(1): 5-9.
Ijaz A, Abalkhail A, Khamas W. Effect of intra testicular injec-tion of formalin on seminiferous tubules in Awassi lambs. Pakistan Vet J. 2000; 20(3): 129-134.
Cavalieri J. Chemical sterilisation of animals: A review of the use of zinc-and CaCl based solutions in male and female animals and factors likely to improve responses to treatment. Anim Reprod Sci. 2017; 181: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.03.010
Fagundes AKF, Oliveira EC, Tenorio BM, Melo CC, Nery LT, Santos FAB, et al. Injection of chemical castration agent, zinc glu-conate, into the testes of cats results in the impairment of sper-matogenesis: A potentially irreversible contraceptive approach for this species. Theriogenology. 2014; 81(2): 230-236. doi: 10.1016/j.the-riogenology.2013.09.013
Cohen RDH, King BD, Thomas LR, Janzen ED. Efficacy and stress of chemical versus surgical castration of cattle. Canadian J Anim Sci. 1990; 70(4): 1063-1072.
Soto FRM, Viana WG, Sousa A, et al. Evaluation of zinc glu-conate, either associated or not to dimethyl sulfoxide, as contracep-tive method for male dogs. Anim Reprod. 2007; 4: 119-124.
Abshenas J, Molaei MM, Derakhshnfar A, Ghalekhani N. Chemical Ssterilization by intratesticular injection of eugenia caryophyllata essential oil in dog: A histopathological study. Iranian J Vet Surg. 2013; 8(2): 9-16.
Kar AB, Kamboj V, Goswami A. Sterilization of male rhe-sus monkeys by iron salts. J Reprod Fertil. 1965; 9(1): 115-117. doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0090115
Emir L, Sunay M, Yalbuzdağ O, Karakaya Y, Erol D. Hor-monal and pathologic changes after chemoablation of testes with hypertonic saline solution as a treatment method alterna-tive to orchiectomy in patients with hormone sensitive metastatic prostatic cancer. Urol Oncol. 2011; 29(2): 212-217. doi: 10.1016/j. urolonc.2008.12.021
Jana K, Samanta P, Ghosh D. Dose-dependent response to an intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for induction of che-mosterilization in adult albino rats. Vet Res Commun. 2002; 26(8 ): 651-673. doi: 10.1023/a:1020976905746
Jana K, Samanta PK. Evaluation of single intratesticular injec-tion of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization in adult albino rats. Contraception. 2006; 73(3): 289-300. doi: 10.1016/j.contracep-tion.2005.07.011
Nishimura N, Kawate N, Sawada T. Chemical castration by a single intratesticular injection of lactic acid in rats and dogs. J Re-prod Develop. 1992; 38: 263-266. doi: 10.1262/jrd.38.263
Oliveira EC, Moura MRP, de Sá MJ, et al. Permanent contra-ception of dogs induced with intratesticular injection of a zinc glu-conate-based solution. Theriogenology. 2012; 77(6): 1056-1063. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.008
Pineda M, Reimers T, Faulkner L, Hopwood M, Seidel JG. Azo-ospermia in dogs induced by injection of sclerosing agents into the caudae of the epididymides. Am J Vet Res. 1977; 38(6): 831-838.
Canpolat I, Karabulut E, Eröksüz Y. Chemical castration of adult and non-adult male dogs with sodium chloride solution. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2016; 9(12): 9-11. doi: 10.9790/2380-0912010911
Pineda M, Dooley MP. Surgical and chemical vasectomy in the cat. Am J Vet Res. 1984; 45(2): 291-300.
Jana K, Samanta PK. Clinical evaluation of non-surgical steril-ization of male cats with single intra-testicular injection of calcium chloride. BMC Vet Res. 2011; 7: 39. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-39
Neto OA, Gasperin BG, Rovani MT, et al. Intratesticular hyper-tonic sodium chloride solution treatment as a method of chemical castration in cattle. Theriogenology. 2014; 82(7): 1007-1011. e1. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.020
Capucille DJ, Poore MH, Rogers GM. Castration in cattle: Techniques and animal welfare issues. Compendium. 2002; 24: 66-73.
Mohammed A, James FO. Chemical castration by a single bi-lateral intra-testicular injection of chlorhexidine gluconate and ce-trimide in bucks. Sokoto J Vet Sci. 2013; 11(1): 62-65. doi: 10.4314/ sokjvs.v11i1.10
Wiebe JP, Barr KJ, Buckingham KD. Sustained azoospermia in squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, resulting from a single intrates-ticular glycerol injection. Contraception. 1989; 39(4): 447-457. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(89)90122-4
Kutzler M, Wood A. Non-surgical methods of contraception and sterilization. Theriogenology. 2006; 66(3): 514-525. doi: 10.1016/j. Review | Volume 4 | Issue 2| Fesseha H theriogenology.2006.04.014
Munson L. Contraception in felids. Theriogenology. 2006; 66(1): 126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016
FAO. Dog Population Management FAO/WSPA/IZSAM Ex-pert meeting. Paper presented at: Food and Agriculture Organiza-tion of the United Nations; 2011; Banna, Italy.
Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs (ACC&D). Con-traception and fertility control in dogs and cats. Web site. https:// www.acc-d.org/. 2013. Accessed November 3, 2019.
Rojas MAM, Rodríguez IMV, Tovar DS. Métodos para el con-trol de poblaciones caninas: Una introducción [In: Spanish]. Una Salud. 2011; 2 (1): 63-79.
Massei G, Miller LA. Nonsurgical fertility control for manag-ing free-roaming dog populations: A review of products and cri-teria for field applications. Theriogenology. 2013; 80(8): 829-838. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.016
Romagnoli S, Stelletta C, Milani C, Gelli D, Falomo M, Mollo A. Clinical use of deslorelin for the control of reproduction in the bitch. Reprod Domest Anim. 2009; 44: 36-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1439- 0531.2009.01441.x
Kisiel LM. Using a Dog Demography Field Study to Inform the De-velopment of an Agent-based Computer Simulation. Evaluating Owned Dog Population Control Interventions in a Small, Semi-urban Community im Mexico. [master’s thesis]. Ontario, Canada: University of Guelph; 2017.
Trigg T, Wright P, Armour A, et al. Use of a GnRH analogue implant to produce reversible long-term suppression of repro-ductive function in male and female domestic dogs. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2001; 57: 255-261.
Goericke-Pesch S, Wilhelm E, Ludwig C, Desmoulins P, Dri-ancourt M, Hoffmann B. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Gonazon implants in the treatment of reproductive pathologies, behavioral problems, and suppression of reproductive function in the male dog. Theriogenology. 2010; 73(7): 920-926. doi: 10.1016/j. theriogenology.2009.11.018
Ajadi T, Oyeyemi M. Short-term effects of a single dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GNRH) vaccine on testicular and ejaculate characteristics of dogs. Bulgarian J Vet Med. 2015; 18: 123-131. doi: 10.15547/bjvm.809
McLaughlin E, Aitken R. Is there a role for immunocontra-ception? Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011; 335(1): 78-88. doi: 10.1016/j. mce.2010.04.004
Miller LA, Fagerstone KA, Wagner DC, Killian GJ. Factors contributing to the success of a single-shot, multiyear PZP im-munocontraceptive vaccine for white-tailed deer. Human-Wildlife Conflicts. 2009; 3(1): 103-115. doi: 10.26077/man3-ra98
Killian G, Thain D, Diehl NK, Rhyan J, Miller L. Four-year contraception rates of mares treated with single-injection porcine zona pellucida and GnRH vaccines and intrauterine devices. Wild-life Research. 2008; 35(6): 531-539. doi: 10.1071/WR07134
Miller LA, Gionfriddo JP, Fagerstone KA, Rhyan JC, Killian GJ. The single-shot GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (Go-naCon™) in white-tailed deer: Comparison of several GnRH preparations. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008; 60(3): 214-223. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00616.x
Vargas-Pino F, Gutiérrez-Cedillo V, Canales-Vargas EJ, et al. Concomitant administration of GonaCon™ and rabies vaccine in female dogs (Canis familiaris) in Mexico. Vaccine. 2013; 31(40): 4442-4447. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.061
Levy JK, Crawford PC, Appel LD, Clifford EL. Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castra-tion to sterilize male dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2008; 69(1): 140-143. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.140
Garde E, Pérez G, Vanderstichel R, Dalla Villa P, Serpell J. Ef-fects of surgical and chemical sterilization on the behavior of free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile. Prev Vet Med. 2016; 123: 106-120. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.011
Dixit V, Lohiya N, Arya M, Agrawal M. Chemical sterilization of male dogs after a single intra-testicular injection of “Danazol”. Folia Biologica. 1975; 23(3): 305-310.
Naz RK, Talwar GP. Immunological sterilization of male dogs by BCG. Int J Androl. 1981; 4(1-6): 111-128. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2605.1981.tb00697.x
Wiebe JP, Barr KJ. The control of male fertility by 1, 2, 3-tri-hydroxypropane (THP; glycerol): Rapid arrest of spermatogenesis without altering libido, accessory organs, gonadal steroidogenesis, and serum testosterone, LH and FSH. Contraception. 1984; 29(3): 291-302. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(84)80009-8
Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs (ACC&D). Cal-cium Chloride as a non-surgical sterilant for male dogs and cats: A History and Summary of Research. Web site. https://www.acc-d. org/docs/default-source/Research-and-Innovation/accd_cacl-2review-nov2014.pdf ?sfvrsn=2. Accessed November 3, 2019.
National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA). Freedom of informa-tion summary. Web site. https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adaf-da/app/search/public/document/downloadFoi/748. Accessed November 3, 2019. Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/
Emir L, Dadalı M, Sunay M, Erol D, Çaydere M, Üstün H. Chemical castration with intratesticular injection of 20% hyper-tonic saline: A minimally invasive method. Urol Oncol. 2008; 26(4): 392-396. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.05.013
Kwak BK, Lee SH. Intratesticular injection of hypertonic sa-line: Non-invasive alternative method for animal castration model. Dev Reprod. 2013; 17(4): 435-440. doi: 10.12717/DR.2013.17.4.435
Cocia RI, Rusu AS. Attitudes of Romanian pet caretakers to-wards sterilization of their animals: Gender conflict over male, but not female, companion animals. Anthrozoös. 2010; 23(2): 185-191. doi: 10.2752/175303710X12682332910097
Fielding WJ, Samuels D, Mather J. Attitudes and ac-tions of West Indian dog owners towards neutering their ani-mals: A gender issue? Anthrozoös. 2002; 15(3): 206-226. doi: 10.2752/089279302786992487
Koger L. Calcium chloride castration. Mod Vet Pract. 1978; 59(2): 119-121.
Karmakar SN, Das SK. Chemosterilization induced by intrates-ticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl )-a tool for population control. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences. 2017; 7(1): 25-35.
Fahim M, Wang M, Sutcu M. Sterilization of dogs with intra-epididymal injection of zinc arginine. Contraception. 1993; 47: 107- 122. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(93)90113-l
Oliveira EC, Fagundes AK, Melo CC, et al. Intratesticular injec-tion of a zinc-based solution for contraception of domestic cats: A randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Vet J. 2013; 197(2): 307-310. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.011
Tepsumethanon V, Wilde H, Hemachudha T. Intratesticular injection of a balanced zinc solution for permanent sterilization of dogs. Journal of Medical Association Thailand. 2005; 88: 686-689.
Wang M. Neutersol: Intratesticular injection induces sterility in dogs. Paper presented at: 1st ACC&D International Symposium on Non-surgical Methods for Pet Population Control; 2002; OR, USA.
Esquivel LC. Evaluation of a single intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate neutralized by Arginine (Neutersol®) as a chemi-cal sterilant in sexually mature, male dogs. Paper presented at: 3rd ACC&D International Symposium on Non-surgical contraceptive methods for Pet Population Control; 2006; Virginia, USA.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Veterinary Medicine (VM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
