Graduate School of Human Nursing,The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, JapanJapan
Department of Women’s Health, Graduate School of Human Nursing,The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, JapanJapan
School of Nursing,Tsuruga Nursing University, Fukui, 914-0814, JapanJapan
School of Engineering, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering,The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, JapanJapan
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Peripheral edema is the swelling of lower legs or hands. Venous edema, which differs from lymphedema, occurs when something disrupts the usual balance of body fluids1 and involves the accumulation of fluid in the extracellular compartment, which results in an increase in the volume of interstitial fluid.2 Physiologically, a balance exists between intravascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures and the interstitial pressure.3 Transcapillary hydrostatic pressure tends to drain fluid from blood vessels, whereas oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia) tends to produce fluid retention in blood vessels. Venous edema consists of excess low-viscosity, protein-poor interstitial fluid resulting from increased capillary filtration that cannot be accommodated by a normal lymphatic system.4 Thus, fluid movement occurs from the venous system into the extravascular space. Initially, gravity pulls the fluid down into both legs and feet.
Keywords: Physiologically, a balance exists between intravascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
WOMEN’S HEALTH Open Journal ISSN 2380-3940 PUBLISHERS Measurement of Women’s Leg Edema Using Ultrasonography Article information Received: April 13th, 2020; Revised: April 20th, 2020; Accepted: April 21st, 2020; Published: April 28th, 2020 Cite this article Ikuta E, Watanabe Y, Yanagisawa N, et al. Measurement of women’s leg edema using ultrasonography. Women Health Open J. 2020; 6(1): 5-7. doi: 10.17140/WHOJ-6-136 Commentary Eri Ikuta, RN, MA1; Yumiko Watanabe, CNM, MA2; Nami Yanagisawa, CNM, MA3; Miwa Nakagawa, RN, MA1; Ayumi Ono, RN, MA1; Keiko Seki, CNM, MA1; Makiko Oowaki, CNM,PhD1; Masafumi Koshiyama, MD,PhD2*; Shin-ichi Sakamoto, Dr Eng4
1Graduate School of Human Nursing, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan 2Department of Women’s Health, Graduate School of Human Nursing, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan 3School of Nursing, Tsuruga Nursing University, Fukui, 914-0814, Japan 4School of Engineering, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan *Corresponding authors Masafumi Koshiyama, MD,PhD Professor, Department of Women’s Health, Graduate School of Human Nursing, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan; T el +81-749-28-8664; Fax +81-749-28-9532; E-mail: koshiyamam@nifty.com Copyright 2020 by Koshiyama M. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. cc P eripheral edema is the swelling of lower legs or hands. Ve - nous edema, which differs from lymphedema, occurs when something disrupts the usual balance of body fluids1 and involves the accumulation of fluid in the extracellular compartment, which results in an increase in the volume of interstitial fluid.2 Physiologi- cally, a balance exists between intravascular hydrostatic and oncotic pressures and the interstitial pressure. 3 Transcapillary hydrostatic pressure tends to drain fluid from blood vessels, whereas oncot- ic pressure (hypoalbuminemia) tends to produce fluid retention in blood vessels. Venous edema consists of excess low-viscosity, protein-poor interstitial fluid resulting from increased capillary fil - tration that cannot be accommodated by a normal lymphatic sys - tem.4 Thus, fluid movement occurs from the venous system into the extravascular space. Initially, gravity pulls the fluid down into both legs and feet.
Leg edema can occur under both normal and disease con- ditions. Under normal conditions, it occurs in cases of sitting or standing too long, pregnancy, excessive salt intake, and drug reac- tions-, just to name a few. Under disease conditions, it occurs in cases of venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), heart failure, preeclampsia, cirrhosis, pulmonary hypertension, and renal failure, among others.5 Pitting edema is a characteristic of leg edema, and is de - tected when pressure that is applied to the skin leaves a depres- sion when removed. This method of detection of leg edema is a qualitative diagnostic method performed. In brief, there is not a quantitative method to measure leg edema.
Ultrasonography is a quantitative imaging method that is easy to use and produces consistent results between operators. Furthermore, when using a portable ultrasound device, a doctor or nurse can perform this imaging method easily in an outpatient setting. In particular, this approach will also prove useful for the assessment of the effects of treatments for leg edema. Several attempts to observe skin edema using ultrasonog- raphy have been made.
In gravity dependent edema, the echogenicity on ultraso- nography was reported to be higher in the lower leg than in the up- per leg, without a marked difference between the medial and lateral sides.6 In addition, the subcutaneous echogenicity of chronically edematous legs prior to sleep was reported to be higher than that of reduced legs in the early morning.7 Using high-frequency ultrasound, Volikova et al measured the dermal thickness (between the surface of the epidermis and the interface of the dermis) of the legs of patients with a history of previous DVT and symptoms of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) and age-matched healthy controls. 8 The median dermal thickness in the control group was 1.34 mm, while that in the PTS group without ulceration was 2.16 mm ( p<0.001), with the PTS group showing thicker skin than the control group.
Commentary | Volume 6 | Number 1| Koshiyama M et al Women Health Open J. 2020; 6(1): 5-7. doi: 10.17140/WHOJ-6-136 Ciggiati reported the ultrasonographic findings of skin changes in legs with chronic venous disease.9 In apparently normal skin of C2 class (varicose vein) according to of the clinical-eti- ology-anatomy-pathophysiology (CEAP) classification, the main ultrasonographic findings were a normal skin appearance, dermal edema or inflammatory infiltration of the cutaneous layer and/ or of the subcutaneous layer. In C3 class (edema) of the CEAP classification, by contrast, the findings were homogeneous subcu - taneous thickening, presence of anechoic lacunae and presence of dermal edema. These findings are drawn as the same images under both normal and disease conditions.
Of note, the subcutaneous layer, or subdermal layer, con- sists mainly of adipose tissue and collagen and contains abundant lymphatic and blood vessels, making it a suitable environment for the accumulation of extracellular fluid, much of which is found in the collagen network that surrounds adipocytes. 10 Therefore, ve - nous edema tends to first appear in the subcutaneous layer of the legs and feet.
A previous study evaluated the subcutaneous tissue thick- ness of the arms, thighs and abdomen in women using ultrasonog- raphy.11 At the arm, the subcutaneous tissue thickness ranged from 3.30 to 18.20 mm; at the thigh, range was 2.70 to 25.20 mm; at the abdomen, the range was 3.40 to 25.20 mm in women. In all cases, the subcutaneous tissue thickness increased as the body mass index (BMI) increased.
We recently measured the skin thickness (including the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue) in pregnant women with leg edema using B-scan portable ultrasonography as a quanti- tative method.12 The skin thickness of the legs in pregnant women with edema was significantly higher than that in pregnant women without edema (6.4±0.3 mm vs. 4.6±0.4 mm) ( p=0.0001) (Figure 1). The cut-off for the measurement of skin edema compared with non-edema in all legs was 4.7 mm, with a sensitivity of 83.9%, a specificity of 66.7% and an accuracy of 77.6%. However, we faced a problem in that fatty legs showed a thick skin, even in cases with- out edema.
In the future, we should develop accurate methods for measuring the volume of fluid that accumulates in the leg’s skin layer and carefully monitor cases of lower limb skin edema while providing early treatment.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.