Hepatic Diseases in Canine and Feline: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-6-155Keywords:
Canine; Feline; Liver disease; Hepatitis; Hepatocyte; Kuppfer cellsAbstract
Dogs and cats are belonging to canine and feline family respectively. The liver is the largest gland in the body and is located in
the cranial abdomen between 3rd and 4th ribs in dogs and cats. This review is mainly focused on: to understand the anatomy and
physiology of liver, the liver diseases pathophysiology, to diagnose the liver diseases, managemental and ameliorative methods
of liver diseases. The dual blood supply to the liver is hepatic artery and portal vein. The function of liver includes the regulation of digestion and metabolism, the synthesis of hormones and proteins, immune response and filtering of toxins from the
blood stream. Any problem that affects the liver is liver disease. Inflammation of liver is hepatitis. Hepatitis caused by infectious,
non-infectious, auto-immune and reactive. It can be acute and chronic. The most encountered liver diseases in dogs and cats are
hepticlipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, portosystemicshunt, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, pneumobilia and hepatic
neoplsia. The clinical symptoms of liver diseases include jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, gastro intestinal disorders and nonspecific signs include polyuria/polydipisia. The liver disease diagnosed based on history, liver function tests, medical imaging. The
latest imaging procedures are endoscopic retrograde cholagio pancreatography (ERCP) and computed tomography (CT). For
confirmatory diagnosis liver biopsy and histopathological interpretation is required. Therefore, based on diagnosis appropriate
treatment should be selected: bile stasis is treated urodeoxycholic acid (URDA), fluid therapy include sugar and salt solution for
replacement fluid loss, gastrointestinal protectors include ranitidine, cimitidine and lactulose, albumin to treat hypoalbuminimia,
antioxidant for scavenging free radicals include vitamin E, Selenium, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), diuretic fursimid for treatment of ascites and supplementation low protein diets. This laparoscopic technique for removal of gallstones and endoscopic
retrograde cholagiopancreatography (ERCP) to treat gall stones on bile ducts and to widen the slipped ducts and liver transplantation for cirrhotic dogs and cats. Early accurate diagnosis and managing any predisposing factors that affects the health of dogs
and cats are important for controlling the liver diseases.
References
Prabhat S. Difference Between Cats and Dogs. 2018. Web site. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dog-and-cat/. Accessed on July 23, 2018.
Erina O. Difference between dogs and cats learn what makes each one special. 2018. Web site. http://erinollila.com//. Accesed on, June 9, 2012.
Somaye V, Paria P, Mozafar S. Anatomical and histological study of the liver and pancreas of two closely related mountain newts neurergusmicrospilotus and N.kaiseri (Amphibia: Caudata:n Sala-mandridae). J Vet Med. 2017; 34: doi: 10.3897/zoologia.34.e13229
Ramadori G, Moriconi F, Malik J, Dudas D. Physiology and pathophysiology of liver inflammation, damage and repair. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 59 Suppl 1: 107-117.
Robert P, Favier A. Canine hepatitis and the pathomechanisms of Copper-induced Hepatitis in COMMD1 deficient dogs. Paper presented at: Dissertation Utrecht University; 2011; Utrecht, Eng-land.
Aashish P, Tarun S, Pallavi B. Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2012; 2(5): 233-243. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.2541
Ahmedullah F, Akbor M, Haider G, Ossain MK, Hossain A, Shanta L. Pathological investigation of liver of the slaughtered buffaloes in Barisal District. Bangle J Vet Med. 2008; 5(2): 81-85. doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1321
Jason N. Indicators of liver disease. Journal of Small Animal Medi-cine. 2008; 8: 45.
Kumar V, Kumar A, Varshney AC, Tyagi SP, Kanwar MS, Shar-ma SK. Diagnostic, imaging of canine hepatobiliary affections: A review. J Vet Med Int. 2012; 67(107): 15. doi: 10.1155/2012/672107
Susan E. Liver disease and treatment in dogs and cats (Pro-ceedings). 2018. Web site. http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/ liver-disease-and-treatment-dogs-and-cats-proceedings. Accessed August 1, 2008.
Melissa S, Yonaire C. Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and treatment liver inflammation damage and repair. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013; 59(1): 107-117.
Samantha F. The liver: Role in health and disease in small ani-mals. 2013. Web site. https://www.vettimes.co.uk/app/uploads/ wp-post-to-pdf-enhanced-cache/1/the-liver-role-in-health-and-disease-in-small-animals.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2013.
Sant R.Approaches to diagnosis and treatment of hepatic dis-ease. Vet Times. 2013; 43: 8-9.
Tim T. Anatomy and Physiology of Liver. 2018. Web site. http://www.innerbody.com/image_digeov/card10-new2.html. Accessed November 2, 2010.
Aspinall V, Cappello M. Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Histology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Elsevier; 2009: 249.
Ozougwu JC. Physiology of the liver. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences. 2017; 4(8): 13-24.
Jennifer ES. Hepatobiliary diseases in dogs and cats. 2011.Web site. http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/hepatobiliary-diseas-es-dogs-and-cats-proceedings?pageID=3. Accessed October 1, 2011.
Yuki U, Scott K, Andrew B. Diagnostic approach to gallbladder disease in dogs and cats. Journal of Companion Animal. 2017; 22(5): 254-260. doi: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.5.254
Joseph T. A Case-based Approach to the Canine Patient with Increased Liver. Enzymes (Parts 1 & 2). 2017. Web site. http// www.scvsec.com. Accessed July 13, 2017.
Pallavi K, Sravani D, Durga PN, Durga S, Pavan PN, Babu PS, Raviteja K. Hepatitis: A review on current and future scenario. J In Silico In Vitro Pharmacol. 2017; 3(1): 15. doi: 10.4172/2469- 6692.100015
Bahman M, SalehE, Reza A. Dog with Clinical and Histopatho-logicalSigns of ICH (Infectious Canine Hepatitis). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2010; 2(2): 123-128.
Güra S, Acarb A. A retrospective investigation of canine ad-enovirus (CAV). Harold E. Anatomy of the Liver. 4th ed. London, UK: Elsevier; 2011; 29.
Sharon A. Other Disorders of the Bile Ducts in Smal Ani-mals. 2011. Web site. www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/ hepatic diseasein-small-animals/other-disorders-of-the-bile-ducts-in-small-animals. Accessed on May 10, 2018.
Osie FT. Hepatitis in Cats-Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. 2016. Web site. https://www.animalwised.com/hepatitis-in-cats-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-411.htm. Accessed October 2, 2016.
Bouznach A, Edery N, Kelmer E, Shicaht N, Waner PS. Sys-temic toxoplasma gondii infection in a cat with incidental cholan-gioma. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2015; 70(3): 2015.
Corma MA, Louis CP, Rothuizen JO. Feline biliary tree and gallbladder disease: Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017; 9: 514-528. doi: 10.1177/1098612X17706465
Rothuizen J. General principles in the treatment of liver disease in small. Animals Journal Small Animal Medicine. 2010; 5(4): 78-89.
Pritt S, Henderson KS, Shek WR. Evaluation of available di-agnostic methods for clostridium piliformein laboratory rabbits (Oryctolaguscuniculus). Journal Laboratory Animals. 2010; 44: 14-19. doi: 10.1258/la.2009.008079
Salgado CD, Martin EW. Fungal hepatitis in dogs and cats. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000; 31(2): 609-611.
Lionel S, Nicole S, Deon V, Merwe D, Schmid A. Liver failure in dog following suspected ingestion of blue-green algae (Micro-cystis spp.): A case report and review of the Toxin. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2013; 49(39): 342-346. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5913
Bantel H. Autoimmune Hepatitis. 2nd ed. Germany: Falk founda-tion; 2017: 47.
Margaret C, Gideon M, Hirschfield H, David HA. Autoim-mune hepatitis an approach to disease understanding and manage-ment. Br Med Bull. 2015; 114: 181-191. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldv021
Stephan N, Wendy D. Reactive hepatitis in dogs. Global Veteri-naria. 2012; 9(4): 454-459. doi: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2012.9.4.653 Review | Volume 6 | Issue 1 | Negasee KA
Saro K, Tse-Ling F. Hepatic dysfunction in hyperthyroidism. Journal of List Gastroenterology. 2011; l7(5): 20-23.
Chen G, Thomas KG. Interpretation of laboratory tests for ca-nine Cushing’s syndrome topical. Topics in Companion Animal Medi-cine. 2011; 26(2): 98-108. doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.03.001
Tomohiro K, Nobuhiro O. Platelets in liver disease, cancer and regeneration. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23(18): 3228-3239.
Elhiblu MA, Dua K, Mohindroo J, Mahajan SK, Sood NK, Dhaliwal PS. Clinico-haemato-biochemical profile of dogs with liver cirrhosis. J Vet World. 2015; 8(4): 487-491. doi: 10.14202/vet-world.2015.487-491
Ming H, Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Tsao S-W, Feng Y. Current sta-tus of herbal medicines in chronic liver disease therapy: The bio-logical effects, molecular targets and future prospects. International Journal of Molecular Science. 2015; 29(35): 28705-45. doi: 10.3390/ ijms161226126
Nelson RW, Couto A. Diagnostic Tests for the Hepatobiliary System Small Animal Internal Medicine. 2nd ed. Maryland: Mosby; 1998; 487- 509.
Jane AP. Feline Hepatic Lipidosis: Therapeutic Considerations. 2nd ed. Mosby, Maryland. 2011; 459-500.
Pradhan MS, Dakshinkar NP, Wagaye UG, Bodkhe AM. Suc-cessful treatment of ascites of hepatic origin in dog and cats. Vet World. 2015; 1: 23.
Hideyuki K, Kenjiro F, Hajime T, AndKoichi O. Intrahepatic cholelithiasis dogs and cats. Canadian Vet J. 2017; 58(9): 971-973.
Wendy A. Veterinary cholelithiasis benign neglect or treatment. 2017. Web site. https://aspenmeadowvet.com. Accessed March 24, 2017.
Sherman SC, Tran H. Pneumobilia: Benign or life-threat-ening. J Emerg Med. 2006; 30(2): 147-153. doi: 10.1016/j.je-mermed.2005.05.016
Lori. S. Choledocholithiasis. 2017. Web site. https://www.med-icalnewstoday.com/articles/318941. Accessed August 14, 2017.
Nick I. Cholecystitis. 2016 Web site. www.bile/cholecystitis. Com. Accessed October 3, 2016.
Josep P, Marta P, Bachs L. Tumors diagnosis and treatment. Journal Veterinary Focus. 2010; 20(3): 47.
Hilla, J.M., Leisewitza, and B.R.andGoddarda, A. The utility of uric acid assay in dogs and cats as an indicator of functional hepatic mass. Journal South Afr Vet Ass. 2012; 82(2): 86-93.
Eleana G, Melanie D, Dimitrios P. Iron deficiency anemia in chronic liver disease: Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017; 30: 405-413. doi: 10.20524/aog.2017.0152
Süleyman K, Ehsan S. Methods of diagnosing in liver diseases for dog and cats. Turkish Journal of Scientific Reviews. 2017; 10(2): 36-46.
Dechun F, Partha M, Juqiu A, Hua W. Inflammation in liver diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2018; 2018: 3927134. doi: 10.1155/2018/3927134
Pyleris EG, Dabos GK. Pathophysiology and management of acute liver inflammation. Vet J. 2010; 39(27): 134-145.
Kristiina R, Margo S. Liver Disease Testing. 2009. Web site. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/bile-acid-test. Accessed October 1, 2017.
Kerl ME, Cohn LA. Albumin in health and disease: Protein metabolism and function. A Companion Article on Causes and Treat-ment of Hypoalbuminemia. 2004; 940.
Ronald H. Cushing's Syndrome in Dogs. 2018. Web site. https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/cushings-syndrome-dogs#1. Ac-cessed July 7, 2018.
Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruse ML. Clinical Biochemistry of Do-mestic Animals. 6th ed. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press; 2008: 300-301.
Dirksen IA, Burgener J, Rothuizen TS, Vanden LC, Penning B, Spee A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of plasma ALT, ALP, and bile acids for hepatitis in labrador retrievers. J Vet Int Med. 2017; 2(31): 1017-1027. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14716
Stockham SL, Scott MA.Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pa-thology. 2nd ed. Ames, Blackwel; 2008: 230. Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/
Latimer KS, Mahaffey EA, Prasse KW. Duncan and Prasse's Vet-erinary Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology. 4th ed. Ames, IA, USA: Blackwell; 2003: 300-301.
Larson MM. The Liver and Spleen. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnos-tic Radiology. 5th ed. St. Louis, USA: Saunders; 2007: 667-669.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, Egan J, Hirota WK, Leigh-ton JA, et al. Guidelines on the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas. J Inet Vet Med. 2005; 13: 239.
Leonardo S. Liver biopsy in elevated liver functions tests? An old question revisited. J Hepatol. 2011; 35(2001): 290-294.
Bexfield N, Watson P. Treatment of canine liver disease 2. Managing clinical signs and specific liver diseases. In Practice Clinical Practice. 2009; 31: 130-135. doi: 10.1136/inpract.31.4.172
Daniel D. Continuing education in small animal common in-flammatory liver diseases: Resident in small animal diagnostic im-aging. Veterinary Ireland Journal. 2010; 6(11): 623-626.
Kim WR, Brown RS, El-Serage H. Burden of liver disease in the United States Summary of a workshop. J Am Vet. 2002; 8: 227-242.
Thapa BR, Anuj W. New diagnostic tests, liver function tests and their interpretation. Journal of Small Animal Medicine. 2007; 86(13): 560-569.
Wikipedia. Detailed diagram of an endoscopic retrograde chol-angiopancreatograpy. 2017. Web site. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Cholecystectomy. Accessed October 10, 2018.
Clarke EA. Feline Hypertension: Risks, Diagnosis and Man-agement. 2011. Web site. https://www.cathsplace.co.nz/natural-holistic-blogs-dogs-cats. Accessed June 4, 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Veterinary Medicine (VM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
