Advancing Science, Clinical Care and Education: Shall we Update Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model to a Bio-Psycho-Socio-Cultural Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/PCSOJ-1-e001Keywords:
MODELS, THEORIES AND APPROACHES, THE CASE OF THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODELAbstract
Psychology and Cognitive Sciences attempts to lead, organize and contribute to the
study of mind and intelligence, including memory, emotions, conceptual development and
decision-making. It therefore draws on the fields of psychology, philosophy, neuroscience,
mathematics, computer science and linguistics. The primary scope, accordingly, involves human
behavior, cognition, emotions, and intelligence. As we move forward with this scope, we
have the option to narrow or expand it, based on the evolution of the fields, readers’ preferences,
and in how much we want to entertain applications of this work. In the latter case, one
potential secondary scope is how we apply this science to other areas of science, to training
and education paradigms, or even clinical populations – this may occur via rich, contextualized
narratives that capitalize on qualitative methodology to generate hypotheses that can be further
explored. Natural extensions to this primary scope are bio and health informatics, but perhaps
education and training of workforce and the next generation of scientists would be suitable, too.
This editorial on the Biopsychosocial Model - an update suggested on it - shows the primary
and potential secondary scopes of the Journal.
References
Engel GL. The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine. Science. 1977; 196(4286): 129-136. doi: 10.1126/ science.847460
Flexner A. Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report of the Carnegie Foundation of the Advancement of Teaching. Bulletin 4. Boston, MA, USA: Updyke; 1910.
Engel GL. Biomedicine’s Failure to Achieve Flexnerian Standards of Education. J Med Educ. 1978; 53: 387-392.
Engel GL. A Unified Concept of Health and Disease. Perspect Biol Med. 1960; 3: 459-485. doi: 10.1353/pbm.1960.0020
Engel GL. The Biopsychosocial Model and the Education of Health Professionals. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1978; 310: 169-187.
Wasserman JA. On Art and Science: An Epistemic Framework for Integrating Social Science and Clinical Medicine. J Med Phi-los. 2014; 39: 279-303. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhu015
Adler RH. Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model is Still Relevant Today. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 67(6): 607-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsy-chores.2009.08.008
Waldstein SR, Neumann SA, Drossman DA, et al. Teaching Psychosomatic (Biopsychosocial) Medicine in United States Medical Schools: Survey Findings. Psychosom Med. 2001; 63: 335-343.
Adler RH. Five- To Twenty-Eight Years Follow-Up of 99 Residents Trained in Biopsychosocial Internal Medicine. Psychother Psychosom. 2008; 77: 126-127.
Adler RH, Minder CE. Clinical Competence of Biopsychosocially Trained Physicians And Controls. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012; 142: w13649. doi: 10.4414/smw.2012.13649
McLaren N. A Critical Review of the Biopsychosocial Model. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1998; 32: 86-92. doi: 10.3109/00048679809062712
Clare L, Nelis SM, Martyr A, et al. The Influence of Psychological, Social and Contextual Factors on the Expression and Mea-surement of Awareness in Early-Stage Dementia: Testing A Biopsychosocial Model. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012; 27(2): 167-177. doi: 10.1002/gps.2705
Ghaemi SN. Paradigms of psychiatry: eclecticism and its discontents. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006; 19: 619-624. doi: 10.1097/01. yco.0000245751.98749.52
Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, ILL, USA: University of Chicago Press; 1962 [1996].
Grinker RR Sr. In Memory of Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s Contribution to Psychiatry. Behav Sci. 1976; 21: 207-208. doi: 10.1002/ bs.3830210402
Ghaemi SN. The Concepts of Psychiatry: A Pluralistic Approach to The Mind and Mental Illness. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2003.
Hilty DM, Ton H, Lu F, et al. Revising Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model to the Biopsychosocialcultural Model? Suggestions and Implications. Keystone, CO, USA: American Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry; 2014A.
Hilty DM. Educational Reform: Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model for Medical Student Education. Keystone, CO, USA: American Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry; 2014B.
Lu F. Cultural Issues in DSM-5: A Roadmap. Chicago, ILL, USA: AAP Bulletin; 2013.
Lim RF, Lu F. Culture and psychiatric education. Academic Psychiatry. 2008; 32: 269-271.
Office of the Surgeon General (US); Center for Mental Health Services (US); National Institute of Mental Health (US). Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2001 Aug. Chapter 4 Mental Health Care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44242/ Accessed April 1, 2015.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision, 4th Edition, Outline for Cultural Formulation. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000.
American Psychiatric Association, Cultural Formulation Interview Supplementary Modules, 2013. Website: http://www.multi-culturalmentalhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013_DSM5_CFI_InformantVersion.pdf Accessed April 1, 2015.
APA Cultural Formulation Interview, 2013. Patient Version. Website: http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Feedback-Form.aspx and In-formant Version, at: http://www.multiculturalmentalhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013_DSM5_CFI_InformantVersion. pdf Accessed April 1, 2015.
Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Psychoneuroendocrinology of Depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis. Psy-chiatr Clin North Am. 1998; 21(2): 293-307. doi: 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70006-X
Zubin J, Spring B. Vulnerability – a New View of Schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1977; 86: 103-126. doi: 10.1037/0021- 843X.86.2.103
Baranyi A1, Meinitzer A, Stepan A, et al. A Biopsychosocial Model of Interferon-Alpha-Induced Depression in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Psychother Psychosom. 2013; 82(5): 332-340.
Shoemaker EZ, Tully LM, Niendam TA, et al. The Next Big Thing in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Interventions to Prevent and Intervene Early in Psychiatric Illnesses. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. In Press.
Garcia-Toro M,Aguirre I. Biopsychosocial Model in Depression Revisited. Med Hypotheses. 2007; 68(3): 683-691. doi:10.1016/j. mehy.2006.02.049
Matteliano D, St Marie BJ, Oliver J, et al. Adherence monitoring with chronic opioid therapy for persistent pain: a biopsychoso-cial-spiritual approach to mitigate risk. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014; 15(1): 391-405. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2012.08.008
Shrestha LB, Heisler EJ. The Changing Demographic Profile of the United States. Washington, DC, Congressional Research Service; 2011. Website: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32701.pdf Accessed April 1, 2015.
United States Census Bureau. An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury [press release]. 2008. Website: http://www. census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb08-123.html Accessed February 28, 2015.
Freeman GK, Rai H, Walker JJ, et al. Non-English Speakers Consulting With the GP in Their Own Language: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Br J Gen Pract. 2002; 52: 36-38.
Po chhacker F. Language barriers in Vienna hospitals. Ethn Health. 2000; 5: 113-119.
Saha S, Komaromy M, Koepsell TD, et al. Patient-physician Racial Concordance and the Perceived Quality and Use of Health Care. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 997-1004. doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.9.997
Brown S. Language Barriers in Access to Health Care. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Health Canada; 2001.
Perez-Stable EJ. Language Access and Latino Health Care Disparities. Med Care. 2007; 45: 1009-1011.
Carrasquillo O, Orav EJ, Brennan TA, et al. Impact of Language Barriers on Patient Satisfaction in an Emergency Department. J Gen Intern Med. 1999; 14: 82-87.
Sarver J, Baker DW. Effect of Language Barriers on Follow-Up Appointments after an Emergency Department Visit. J Gen Intern Med. 2000; 15(4): 256-264. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2000.06469.x
Mutchler JE, Bacigalupe G, Coppin A, Gottlieb A. Language Barriers Surrounding Medication Use Among Older Latinos. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2007; 22: 101-114.
Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, et al. Do Professional Interpreters Improve Clinical Care for Patients With Limited English Proficiency? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Health Services Health Serv Res. 2007; 42(2): 727-754. doi: 10.1111/j.1475- 6773.2006.00629.x
Spiegel JP. Cultural Aspects of Transference and Counter transference Revisited. J Am Acad Psychoanal. 1976; 4: 447-467.
Brua C. Role-blurring and Ethical Grey Zones Associated with Lay Interpreters: Three Case Studies. Communication Med. 2008; 5(1): 73.
Brooks TR. Pitfalls in Communication with Hispanic and African-American Patients: Do Translators Help or Harm? J Nat Med Asso. 1992; 84(11): 941.
Elderkin-Thompson V, Silver RC, Waitzkin H. When Nurses Double as Interpreters: A Study of Spanish-Speaking Patients in a US Primary Care Setting. Soc Sci Med. 2001; 52: 1343-1358. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00234-3
Mucic D, Hilty DM, Yellowlees PM. Telemental Health For Cross Cultural Populations World Wide. In Mucic D, Hilty DM, eds. Key Issues in e-Mental Health. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishing; In Press.
Yellowlees P.M., D.M. Hilty, Mucic D. Global/World Wide Telehealth: International Perspectives of Telepsychiatry and the Future. In: Mucic D, Hilty DM, eds. Key Issues in e-Mental Health. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishing; In Press.
Hilty DM, Ferrer D, Callahan EJ, et al. The Effectiveness of Telemental Health: A 2013 Review. Tel J e-Health. 2013; 19(6): 444-454. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2013.0075
Riddick S. Improving Access for Limited English-Speaking Consumers: A Review of Strategies in Health Care Settings. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1998; 8: S40-S61. doi: 10.1353/hpu.2010.0672
Internet World Stats. Internet Users in the World-Distribution by World Regions, 2011A. At: http://www.internetworldstats.com/ stats.htm Accessed April 1, 2015.
Internet World Stats. United States of America: Internet Usage and Broadband Usage Report, 2011B. Website: http://www. internetworldstats.com/am/us.htm Accessed February 28, 2015.
PEW Research Center, Internet Survey, 2013. Website: http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/PIP_HealthOnline. pdf or smart phone information available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/data-trend/mobile/cell-phone-and-smartphone-ownership-demographics/ Accessed April 1, 2015.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Psychology and Cognitive Sciences (PCS) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
