Vitamin C, E and Zinc Ameliorates Cadmium-Toxicity Induced Biochemical Changes in Male Albino Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/TFMOJ-6-137Keywords:
Cadmium, Wistar rats, Oxidative stressAbstract
Background
Environmental toxicants have become a major source of health hazards to humans, thereby negatively impacting the health and overall well-being of exposed individuals. Among these environmental toxicants, heavy metals stand out as the major cause of tissue pathologies and threaten an individual’s health status. One such heavy metal is cadmium (CD) whose exposure has been linked to various tissue toxicities including nervous, respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, hepatic and renal tissues. Cadmium is a non-biodegradable heavy metallic which possesses a long half of lifestyles and comfortably accumulates inside the tissues in which it produces tissue toxicities main to tissue disorder. The present study was aimed to determine the amelioration capabilities of Vitamin C, E and Zinc from the harmful effects of CD in Wistar rats.
Methods
The Wistar strain male albino rats weighing 225±10 g were administered with CD along co-administered with Vitamin C, E and Zinc, individually and also in combinations. After the completion of 45-days of experimentation, certain specific enzymatic parameters were assayed in plasma serum to assess the impact of CD and protective effect of Vitamin C, E and Zinc.
Results
Soon after the co-administration of CD along with Vitamin C, E and Zinc, either individually and in combinations, Body weights, liver weight and histo-somatic index (HSI) of liver and certain specific enzymes of plasma including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine, glucose and urea were monitored. All the parameters monitored showed a significant (p<0.05) increase during CD administration except ALP. All the parameters selected in the present study were shown to be significantly (p<0.05) reversed due to co-administration of Vitamin C, E and Zinc either individually or in combination, due to the protective effect from CD toxicity in wistar rats.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that co-administration of Vitamin C, E and Zinc ably protects the toxicity of CD in Wistar rats significantly.
References
Sandra CD, Hamda AA. Cadmium toxicity: Oxidative stress, in-flammation and tissue injury. Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine. 2019; 7: 144-163. doi: 10.4236/odem.2019.74012
Brilliance OA, Anthonet NE, Zelinjo NI, Orish EO. Heavy met-al mixture exposure and effects in developing nations: An update. Toxics. 2018; 6: 65-97. doi: 10.3390/toxics6040065
Genchi G, Maria SS, Lauria G, Alessia C, Catalano A. The effects of cadmium toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17: 3782- 3806. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113782
Naima L, Zine K. Combined protective effect of vitamins C and E on Cadmium induced oxidative liver injury in rats. African J Biotechnol. 2012; 11(93): 16013-16020. doi: 10.5897/AJB12.2665
Heistad DD. Oxidative stress and vascular disease: 2005 duff lecture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26 (4): 689-695. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000203525.62147.28
Budin SB, Han KJ, Jayusman PA, Taib IS, Ghagali AR, Maha-med J. Antioxidant activity of tocotrienol rich fraction prevents fenitrothion-induced renal damage in rats. J Toxicol Pathol. 2011; 26: 111-118. doi: 10.1293/tox.26.111
Samir AEB. Beneficial effect of combined administration of Vitamin C and Vitamin E in amelioration of chronic Lead hepato-toxicity. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2006; 23: 371-384. doi: 10.12816/EJHM.2006.17948
Wilson JX. The Physiological role of dehydroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett. 2002; 527: 5-9. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03167-8
Magdy BW, El sayed MF, Amin AS, Rana SS. Ameliorative ef-fect of antioxidants (vitamins Cand E) against abamectin toxicity in liver, kidneyand testis of male albino rats. J Basic and Appl Zool. 2016; 77: 69-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jobaz.2016.10.002
Santon A, Sturniolo GC, Albergoni V, Irato P. Meatllothio-nein-1 and Meatllothionein-2 gene expression and localization of apoptotic cells in Zn-treated LEC rat liver. Histochem Cell Biol. 2003; 119: 301-308. doi: 10.1007/s00418-003-0515-6
BrzoskaM, Jakoniuk JM. Interactions between cadmium and zinc in the organism. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000; 39: 967-980. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00048-5
Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum ALT and AST. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957; 28: 56-63. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
Rosalki SB, Foo AY. Two new methods for separating and quan-tifying bone and liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in plasma. Clin Chem. 1984; 1182-1186. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/30.7.1182
Novogrodsky A, Tate SS, Meister A. Gamma-Glutamyl trans-peptidase, a lymphoid cell-surface marker: Relationship to blas-togenesis, differentiation and neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1976; 73: 2414-2418. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2414
Kornberg A. Methods of Enzymatic analysis. Bergmeyer Hu. New York, USA: Academic Press; 1974.
Patton CJ, Crouch SR. Spectrophotometric and kinetics inves-tigation of the Berthelot reaction for the determination of am-monia. Anal Chem. 1977; 49: 464-469. doi: 10.1021/ac50011a034 18 Reddy MS et al
Faulkner WR, King JW. Renal function. In: Tietz N, ed. Funda-mentals of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, USA: W.B. Saunders. Co; 1976; 975-1014.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein mea-surement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265-275. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
Roe J. The determination of sugar in blood and spinal fluid with Anthrone reagent. J Biol Chem. 1955; 212(1): 335-343.
Deepti G, Shabad P, Dua KK. Chronic cadmium toxicity in rats: Treatment with combined administration of vitamins, amino acids, antioxidants and essential metals. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2010; 18(6): 464-470. doi: 10.38212/2224-6614.2255
Milena A, Aleksandra BD, Evica A, Biljana A, Momcilo S, Jele-na KS, et al. Toxic effect of acute cadmium and lead exposure in rat blood, liver and kidney. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16: 274-295. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16020274
El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, Kedwany FS, Baghdadi HH. Cadmium-induced changes in lipid peroxidation, blood hematol-ogy, biochemical parameters and semen quality of male rats: Pro-tective role of vitamin E and β-carotene. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004; 42: 1563-1571. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.05.001
O’Brien P, Salasinski HJ. Evidence that the reactions of cadmi-um in the presence of metallothionein can produce hydroxyl radi-cals. Arch Toxicol. 1998; 72: 690-700. doi: 10.1007/s002040050562
Koizumi T, Shirakura G, Kumagai H, Tatsumoto H, Suzuki KT. Mechanism of cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in rat hepato-cytes: cadmium-induced active oxygen-related permeability chang-es of the plasma membrane. Toxicology. 1996; 114: 125-134. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03477-4
Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis: A review. Toxicol-ogy. 2003; 192: 95-117. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00305-6
Elgaml SA, Hashish EA. Clinicopathological studies of thymus vulgaris extract against cadmium induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Global J Pharmacol. 2014; 8(4): 501-509. doi: 10.5829/idosi. gjp.2014.8.4.8444
El-Kady AA, Sharaf HA, Abou-Donia MA, Abbes S, Salah-Abbes JB, Naguib K, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Adsorption of Cd2+ ions on an Egyptian montmorillonite and toxicological effects in rats. Applied Clay Science. 2009; 44(1): 59-66. doi: 10.1016/j. clay.2009.01.007
Chavan TC, Kuvalekar AA. A review on drug induced hepa-totoxicity and alternative therapies. Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Science. 2019; 7(3): 1-29. doi: 10.15226/jnhfs.2019.001160
Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free Radicals in Biology and Med-cine. 3rd ed. New York, USA: Oxford University Press; 1999. doi: Original Research | Volume 6 | Number 1| 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717478.001.0001
Seval Y, Emre K, Selim C. Vitamin E (α tocopherol) attenuates toxicity and oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin in rats. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017; 26(6): 907-917. doi: 10.17219/acem/66347
Ambali SF, Shuaib K, Edeh R, Orieji BC, Shittu M, Akande M. Hyperglycemia induced by subchronic co-administration of chlor-pyrifos and lead in wistar rats: Role of pancreatic lipoperoxidation and alleviating effect of vitamin C. Biol Med. 2011; 3: 6-14.
Kechrid Z, Dahdouh F, Djabar RM, Bouzerna N. Combined effect of water contamination with cobalt and nickel on metabo-lism of albino rats. Environ Health Sci Eng. 2006; 3(1): 65-69.
Dormer RL, Kerbey AL, Mc Pherson M, Manley S, Ashcroft SJ, Schofield JG, et al. The effect of nickel on secretory systems: Studies on the release of amylase, insulin and growth hormone. Biochemistry. 1974; 140: 135-142. doi: 10.1042/bj1400135
Sunderman Jr, Kasprzak KS, Horak E, Gitlitz P, Onkelinx C. Effects of triethylenetetramine upon the metabolism and toxicity of NiCl in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1976; 38: 177-188.
Massanyi P, Toman R, Valent M, Cupka P. Evaluation of se-lected parameters of a metabolic profile and levels of cadmium in reproductive organs of rabbits after an experimental administra-tion. Acta Physiologica Hung. 1995; 83: 267-273. Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/ Original Research | Volume 6 | Number 1| Reddy MS et al
Kouadria M, Samir D, Abdelkrim T. Hepatoprotective effect of Zinc and magnesium against subchronic cadmium toxicity on biochemical, histological and neurobehavioral parameters in wistar rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2020; 12(5): 217-225. doi: 10.31893/ jabb.20009
Mohammed ET, Hashem KS, Abdul Rheim MR. Biochemi-cal study on the impact of Nigella sativa and virgin olive oils on cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats. J Invest Biochem. 2014; 3(2): 71-78. doi: 10.5455/jib.20140716041908
Oguntibeju OO. The biochemical, physiological and therapeu-tic roles of ascorbic acid. Afr J Biotechnology. 2008; 725(25): 4700- 4705. doi: 10.5897/AJB08.022
Girolami JP, Cabos G, Manuel Y. Renal kallikrin excretion as a distal nephrotoxicity marker duing cadmium exposure in rat. J Toxicol. 1989; 55: 117-129. doi: 10.1016/0300-483x(89)90179-0
Renugadevi J, Prabu SM. Naringenin protects against cadmi-um-induced oxidative renal dysfunction in rats. Toxicol. 2009; 256: 128-134. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.012
Shaikh ZA, Vu TT, Zaman K. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium – induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999; 154: 256-263. doi: 10.1006/taap.1998.8586
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Toxicology and Forensic Medicine (TFM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
