The Cytotoxicity of Cyanuric Acid and Certain Derivatives in Vitro

Abstract

Background
The s-triazine category includes cyanuric acid and its derivatives. They are widely used in industry, mostly in the manufacturing of disinfectants, bleaching agents, and pesticides. According to recent findings, cyanuric acid alone has a low overall cytotoxicity, but when combined with melamine, it has a large unfavorable effect. Nevertheless, assessments of cyanuric acid toxicity against several human cell types have not been carried out utilizing a panel of in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity and possible anticancer effects of several cyanuric acid derivatives, such as 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid, are poorly understood.
Aim
To use various cancer cell lines and healthy fibroblasts to examine the toxicity of cyanuric acid, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate.
Materials and Procedures
The in vitro cytotoxicity of cyanuric acid, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate was assessed using MTT, Neutral Red, and Clonogenic assays. Three cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549, and CaOV) as well as healthy human fibroblasts were used to test various doses of the chemicals. We computed and compared IC50 values. Following exposure to cyanuric acid, trichloroisocyanuric acid, and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, intracellular ATP measurements and microscopic assessments of cellular shape were carried out.
Findings
Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC) showed the highest in vitro cytotoxicity of the three test agents. It's interesting to note that MTT experiments showed that TCIC's harmful effects were mostly focused on cancer cells that had mitochondrial dysfunction. The presence of modest concentrations of triazine fully suppressed the clonogenicity of cancer cell lines. Both cancer cells and normal fibroblasts' shape and intracellular ATP levels were affected by TCIC exposure, however the effects were more pronounced in cancer cells.
Conclusion
The studied chemicals' cytotoxicity is arranged as follows: 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate > cyanuric acid > trichloroisocyanuric acid. The anticancer action of trichloroisocyanuric acid is selective.