Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comprehensive Understanding, Pharmacological Management and the Pharmacist Role: a literature review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This is a condition known as “Different Abilities.” is a neurodevelopmental disorder
characterized by deficits in social communication, sensory processing alterations, and repetitive behaviors. Its global
prevalence is estimated at 1 in 160 children, with a reported prevalence of 0.8% in Mexico. ASD is more commonly
diagnosed in males, and prevalence data in Latin America are frequently underestimated due to socioeconomic barriers.
As a multifactorial and highly heritable condition with a profound psychosocial impact that often triggers a grieving
process within families, ASD requires an interdisciplinary approach in which behavioral interventions constitute
the cornerstone of treatment, while pharmacological therapy serves as an off-label adjunct aimed exclusively at
managing specific symptoms or comorbidities, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), epilepsy,
and sleep disorders. Currently, only risperidone and aripiprazole have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) for the treatment of irritability associated with ASD. Nevertheless, the clinical profile observed in
the region indicates that more than 50% of pediatric patients are exposed to polypharmacy, increasing the risk of
drug interactions and adverse effects, primarily metabolic and neurological and compromising treatment adherence
due to resistance to change and sensory barriers commonly experienced by children. In this context, the pharmacist
emerges as an essential member of the multidisciplinary team, playing a crucial role in ensuring pharmacotherapeutic
follow-up, identifying and resolving medication-related problems, and providing health education to caregivers.