Effects of Chocolate Malt Drink Consumption Combined with Aerobic Dance Exercise on Blood Bone Metabolism Markers, Antioxidant Enzymes and Aerobic Capacity in Young Females
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17140/SEMOJ-1-111Keywords:
Aerobic fitness, Antioxidant, Bone, Chocolate malt, ExerciseAbstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined aerobic dance exercise and chocolate malt drink consumption on bone metabolism markers, antioxidant enzymes and aerobic capacity in young females.
Methods: Forty four physically healthy females (19-25 years old) were age and body mass matched and subsequently being assigned into four groups with n=11 per group: Control group (C), Chocolate malt drink group (Cmd), aerobic dance exercise group (Ex) and combined aerobic dance exercise and chocolate malt drink group (CmdEx). Participants’ anthropometry and aerobic capacity were measured. Meanwhile, blood samples were taken in order to determine the concentrations of serum total calcium, serum osteocalcin and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (bone formation marker), serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) (bone resorption marker) and antioxidant enzyme activities, i.e. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD).
Results: At the end of 8 weeks of the intervention period, the percentage of increment in serum osteocalcin was the highest in CmdEx group compared to the other experimental groups. Meanwhile, significant increased in glutathione peroxidase were observed in Ex (p<0.05) and CmdEx (p<0.01) groups after 8 weeks of intervention period. Additionally, the percentage changes in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were the highest in CmdEx group compared to other groups. There were also significant increases in aerobic capacity in Ex and CmdEx groups.
Conclusions: The present study found that generally aerobic dance exercise alone and aerobic dance exercise combined with the consumption of chocolate malt drink elicited more beneficial effects on bone turnover, antioxidant enzyme activities and aerobic capacity compared to chocolate malt drink consumption alone or sedentary without chocolate malt drink consumption in young females.
References
Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ. Jumping exercise and bone health: Beneficial effects of jumping exercise on bone health. Verlag Dr. Muller, Germany; 2009.
Nestlé Malaysia Ltd. Company, 10 Reasons to have a MILO. http://www.milo.com.my/10-reasons-to-have-a-milo.html Ac-cessed February 2, 2013.
Baucer W, TÜrler-Inderbitzin S. Cocoa and malt. NutriPro Beverages-NESTLE Professional Nutrition Magazine; 2008.
Hegarty VM, May HM, Khaw KT. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 71: 1003-1007.
Prentice A. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of osteopo-rosis. Public Health Nutr. 2004; 7: 227-243. doi: 10.1079/ PHN2003590
Robins SP, New SA, Campbell MK. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable intake and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 142-151.
Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP, Ammann P, Chevalley T. Protein intake and bone disorders in the elderly. Joint Bone Spine. 2006; 68: 383-392. doi: 10.1016/S1297-319X(01)00295-0
Wan Y, Vinson JA, Etherton TD. Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglan-din concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001; 74: 596- 602.
Engler MB, Engler MM. The vasculoprotective effects of fla-vonoids-rich cocoa and chocolate. Nutr Res. 2004; 24: 695-706. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.05.001
Ismail A, Jalil AMM, Hamid M, Kamaruddin SHS, Pei CP. Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. J Agri-cult Food Chem. 2008; 56: 7877-7884. doi: 10.1021/jf8015915
Noori S, Nasir K, Mahboob T. Effects of cocoa powder on oxidant/ antioxidant status in liver, heart and kidney tissues of rats. J Anim Plant Sci. 2009; 19: 174-178.
Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ, Umemura Y. Minimum level of jumping exercise required to maintain exercise-induced bone gains in female rats. Osteoporos Int. 2009; 20: 963-972. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0760-6
Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ. Changes in bone turnover mark-ers and bone mass with reducing levels of jumping exercise regi-mens in female rats. Asian J Sports Med. 2012; 3: 225-232.
Somayeh ST, Ooi FK, Krasilshchikov O, Sulaiman SA. Ef-fect of a combination of jumping exercise and honey supple-mentation on the mass, strength and physical dimensions of bones in young female rats. J Api Product ApiMed Sci. 2011; 3: 26-32. doi: 10.3896/IBRA.4.03.1.05
Ooi FK, Ismail N, Abdullah MY. Effects of combined aero-bic dance exercise and honey supplementation on bone turnover markers in young females. Asian J Exerc Sport Sci. 2011; 8: 1-11.
Ooi FK, Azlina A, Abdullah MY. Combined effects of a cir-cuit training programme and honey supplementation on bone metabolism markers in young males. Abstract book of the 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; 2011.
Marhasiyah R, Ooi FK, Wan Zuraida. Effects of combined aerobic dance exercise and honey supplementation on bone me-tabolism in women. Proceedings of the 9th International Sports Science Conference, Kota Bharu, Malaysia; 2013.
Lau SJ, Ooi FK. Changes in blood bone turnover markers following combined circuit training programme and chocolate malt drink supplementation in young male. MR Int JAppl Health Sci. 2014; 1: 30-38.
Karlsson MK , Johnell O, Obrant KJ. Bone mineral density in professional ballet dancers. Bone Miner. 1993; 21: 163-169.
Matthews BL, Bennell KL, McKay HA. Dancing for bone health: a 3-year longitudinal study of bone mineral accrual across puberty in female non-elite dancers and controls. Osteoporosis Int. 2006; 17: 1043-1054. doi: 10.1007/s00198-006-0093-2
Gala J, Díaz-Curiel M, Piedra C, Calero J. Short- and long-term effects of calcium and exercise on bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr. 2001; 86: 521-527. doi: 10.1079/ BJN2001428
Wagner G, Kindrick S, Hertzler S, DiSilvestro RA. Effects of various forms of calcium on body weight and bone turnover markers in women participating in a weight loss program. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007; 26: 456-461.
Tartibian B, Motabsaee N, Tolouei-Azar J. The influence of nine-week intensive aerobic exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic response of bone formation biomarkers. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2013; 15: 45-50.
Eliakim A, Raisz LG, Brasel JO, Cooper DM. Evidence for increased bone formation following a brief endurance-type train-ing intervention in adolescent males. J Bone Miner Res. 1997; 12: 1708-1713. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.10.1708
Brahm H, Ström H, Piehl-Aulin K, Ljunghall S. Bone me-tabolism in endurance trained athletes: A comparison to popu-lation-based controls based on DXA, SXA, quantitative ultra-sound, and biochemical markers. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1997; 61: 448-454. doi: 10.1007/s002239900366
Miyazaki H, Oh-ishi S, Ookawara T, et al. Strenous endur-ance training in humans reduces oxidative stress following ex-hausting exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 84: 1-6.
Fadillioglu E, Kaya B, Uz E, Emre MH, Unal S. Effects of moderate exercise on mild depressive mood, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. Bulletin Clin Psychop. 2000; 10: 194-199.
Daud DM, Karim AAH, Mohamad N, Hamid NAA, Ngah WZW. Effect of exercise intensity on antioxidant enzymatic activities in sedentary adults. Malaysian J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006; 13: 37-47.
Kan NW, Huang WC, Huang CY, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Ixora parviflora extract aginst exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress in mice. Open Access Mol. 2013; 18: 10721-10732. doi: 10.3390/molecules180910721
Tauler P, Aguiló A, Fuentespina, Tur JA, Pons A. Response of blood cell antioxidant enzyme defences to antioxidant diet supplementation and to intense exercise. Eur J Nutr. 2005; 45: 187-195. doi: 10.1007/s00394-005-0582-7
Tessier F, Margaritis I, Richard MJ, Moynot C, Marconnet P. Selenium and training effects on the glutathione system and aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exer. 1995; 27: 390-396.
Ohno H, Yahata T, Sato Y, Yamamura K, Taniguchi N. Phys-ical training and fasting erythrocyte activities of free radical scavenging enzyme systems in sedentary men. J Appl Physiol. 1998; 57: 173-176. doi:10.1007/BF00640658
Donnelly JE, Jacobsen DJ, Heelan KS, Seip R, Smith S. The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs continuous exercise on aerobic capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously sedentary, moderately obese females. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 566-572.
Rognmo O, Hetland E, Helgerud J, Hoff J, SlØrdahl SA. High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prevention Rehab. 2004; 11: 216-222. doi: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000131677.96762.0c
Tench CM, McCarthy J, McCurdie I, White PD, D’Cruz DP. Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized con-trolled trial of exercise. Br Soc Rheumatol. 2003; 42: 1050-1054. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg289
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Sports and Exercise Medicine (SEM) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.
