Surgical Evolution in the Modern Era: From Quantity to Quality of Life to Surgical Innovation. The Paradigm of Esophageal Cancer Surgery

Abstract

Design and implementation of clinical trials has expanded the possibilities of modern surgery, while carefuly conducted peer review and meta-analyses has consolidated new knowledge and incorporated it into surgical practice. International and multidisciplinary medical societies have organized these surgical advances, by issuing guidelines and submitting recommendations, aiming to enhance the results of surgical intervention.