The Evolution of Surgery in the Modern Era: From Innovation to Quantity to Quality of Life. The Esophageal Cancer Surgery Paradigm

Abstract

From the dawn of modern medicine until today, surgical practice has changed radically. A systematic and multidisciplinary approach of arising innovations has enabled the optimization of surgical practices. Design and implementation of clinical trials has expanded the possibilities of modern surgery, while carefully conducted peer review and meta-analyses has consolidated new knowledge and incorporated it into surgical practice.