A Review of Lycopene's Effects on Human Health
Keywords:
Lycopene, Carotenoids, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Human healthAbstract
Lycopene is one of the six major dietary and serum carotenoids, and a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. A large
and growing body of scientific evidence supports the role of lycopene in multiple areas of health, including cancer, prostate,
cardiometabolic, lung, skin, and liver health, and elucidates lycopene’s mechanisms of action. This paper provides an overview of
several benefit areas, specifically prostate, testes, cardiovascular, liver and skin health.
References
Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander H. Carotenoids: Handbook. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Basel; 2004.
Yabuzaki J. Carotenoids database: Structures, chemical finger-prints and distribution among organisms. Database (Oxford). 2017; 2017: bax004. doi: 10.1093/database/bax004
Nguyen ML, Schwartz SJ. Lycopene: Chemical and biological properties. Food Technol. 1999; 53(1): 38-45.
Aoki H, Kieu NT, Kuze N, Tomisaka K, Van Chuyen N. Ca-rotenoid pigments in GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis SPRENG). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002; 66(11): 2479-2482. doi: 10.1271/bbb.66.2479
Rao AV, Ray MR, Rao LG. Lycopene. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2006; 51: 99-164. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(06)51002-2
Clinton SK. Lycopene Chemistry, biology, and implications for human disease. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56: 35-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1753- 4887.1998.tb01691.x
Bohm F, Edge R, Burke M, Truscott TG. Dietary uptake of ly-copene protects human cells from singlet oxygen and nitrogen di-oxide-ROS components from cigarette smoke. J Photochem Photobi-ol B. 2001; 64(2-3): 176-178. doi: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00221-4
Wang XD. Lycopene metabolism and its biological signifi-cance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 96(5): 1214S-1222S. doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.111.032359
Wang XD. Carotenoids. In: Ross CA, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Dis-ease. 11th ed. Pennsylvania, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014: 427-439.
Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Francis DM, Nagaraja HN, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98(1): 140-146. doi: 10.1017/ S0007114507685201
Castenmiller JJ, West CE, Linssen JP, Van Het Hof KH, Vor-agen AG. The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in de-termining the bioavailability of β-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr. 1999; 129(1): 349-355. doi: 10.1093/ jn/129.2.349
Williams AW, Boileau TWM, Erdman JW Jr. Factors influenc-ing the uptake and absorption of carotenoids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998; 218(2): 106-108. doi: 10.3181/00379727-218-44275
Cooperstone JL, Ralston RA, Riedl KM, et al. Enhanced bi-oavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015; 59(4): 658-669. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658
Unlu, NZ; Bohn, T; Clinton, SK; Schwartz, SJ. Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005; 135(3): 431-436. doi: 10.1093/jn/135.3.431
Stahl W, Sies H. Lycopene: a biologically important carotenoid for human? Arch Biochem Biophys. 1996; 336: 1-9. doi: 10.1006/ abbi.1996.0525
Gajowik A, Dobrzyńska M. Lycopene – Antioxidant with radioprotective and anticancer properties. A review. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014; 65(4): 263-271.
Khachik F, Carvalho L, Bernstein PS, Muir GJ, Zhao DY, Katz NB. Chemistry, distribution, and metabolism of tomato carote-noids and their impact on human health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2002; 227(10): 845-851. doi: 10.1177/153537020222701002
Miller NJ, Sampson J, Candeias LP, Bramley PM, Rice-Evans CA. Antioxidant activities of carotenes and xanthophylls. FEBS Lett. 1996; 384(3): 240-242. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00323-7
Mortensen A, Skibsted LH. Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy. FEBS Lett. 1997; 417(3): 261-216. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01297-0
Tambunan RZ, Rusmarilin H, Kaban J. Antioxidant activi-ty of tomato juice rich in lycopene antioxidant as degenerative chemopreventive agents using citrus aurantifolia juice as a pre-servative. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018; 205(1): 12. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/205/1/012035
Kim CH et al. Antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene in watermelon. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2014; 49(9): 2083-2091. doi: 10.1111/ijfs.12517
Tvrdá E, Kováčik A, Tušimová E, et al. Antioxidant efficien-cy of lycopene on oxidative stress - induced damage in bovine spermatozoa. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2016; 7(1): 50. doi: 10.1186/ s40104-016-0113-9
Zeng J, Zhao J, Dong B, et al. Lycopene protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy by attenuating oxidative stress. J Nutr Biochem. 2019; 66: 70-78. doi: 10.1016/j. jnutbio.2019.01.002
Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122(6): 883-892. doi: 10.1001/archopht.122.6.883
Stahl W, Junghans A, de Boer B, Driomina E, Briviba K, Sies H. Carotenoid mixtures protect multilamellar liposomes against ox-idative damage: Synergistic effects of lycopene and lutein. FEBS Lett. 1998; 427(2): 305-308. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00434-7
Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H. Lycopene as the most effec-tive biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989; 274: 532-538. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
Rao AV, Rao LG. Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacol Res. 2007; 55(3): 207-216. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.012
Palozza P, Catalano A, Simone R, Cittadini A. Lycopene as a guardian of redox signalling. Acta Biochim Pol. 2012; 59: 21-25. doi: 10.18388/abp.2012_2163
Rawla P. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World J Oncol. 2019; 10(2): 63-89. doi: 10.14740/wjon1191
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prostate Cancer Statistics. Web site. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/pros-tate/statistics/index.htm. Accessed November 19, 2019.
National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. Web site. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html. Ac-cessed November 19, 2019.
Miller EC, Hadley CW, Schwartz SJ, Erdman JW Jr, Boileau TW, Clinton SK. Lycopene, tomato products, and prostate cancer prevention. Have we established causality? Pure Appl Chem. 2002; 74(8): 1435-1441. doi: 10.1351/pac200274081435
Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F. The role of to-mato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark-ers Prev. 2004; 13(3): 340-345.
Chen P, Zhang W, Wang X, et al. Lycopene and risk of pros-Doyle LM tate cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Balti-more). 2015; 94(33): e1260. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001260
Wang Y, Cui R, Xiao Y, Fang J, Xu Q. Effect of carotene and lycopene on the risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0137427. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137427
Lane JA, Er V, Avery KNL, et al. ProDiet: A Phase II rand-omized placebo-controlled trial of green tea catechins and lyco-pene in men at increased risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018; 11(11): 687-696. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-18-
Beynon RA, Richmond RC, Santos Ferreira DL, et al. Investi-gating the effects of lycopene and green tea on the metabolome of men at risk of prostate cancer: The ProDiet randomised con-trolled trial. Int J Cancer. 2019; 144(8): 1918-1928. doi: 10.1002/ ijc.31929
Khandrika L, Kumar B, Koul S, Maroni P, Koul HK. Role of oxidative stress in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 2009; 282(2): 125- 136. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.12.011
Zhang LX, Cooney RV, Bertram JS. Carotenoids upregulate conexin 43 gene expression independent of their provitamin A or antioxidant properties. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 5707-5712.
Bankson DD, Countryman CJ, Collins SJ. Potentiation of the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells by lycopene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991; 53(Suppl): 13-17.
Matsushima-Nishiwaki R, Shidoji Y, Nishiwaki S, Yamada T, Moriwaki H, Muto Y. Suppression by carotenoids of microcys-tin-induced morphological changes in mouse hepatocytes. Lipids. 1995; 30(4): 1029-1034. doi: 10.1007/bf02536288
Pastori M, Pfander H, Boscoboinik D, Azzi A. Lycopene in association with α-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concen-trations proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 1998; 250(4): 582-585. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
Yang CM, Lu YL, Chen HY, Hu ML. Lycopene and the LX-Ralpha agonist T0901317 synergistically inhibit the proliferation of androgen-independent PCa cells via the PPARgamma-LXRal-pha-ABCA1 pathway. J Nutr Biochem. 2012; 23: 1155-1162. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.06.009
Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Reyes MD, Bright JJ. Lycopene mod-ulates growth and survival associated genes in PCa. J Nutr Bio-chem. 2013; 24(10): 1724-1734. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.03.001
Jiang LN, Liu YB, Li BH. Lycopene exerts anti-inflammatory effect to inhibit prostate cancer progression. Asian J Androl. 2019; 21(1): 80-85. doi: 10.4103/aja.aja_70_18
Fainberg, J and Kashanian, A. Recent advances in understand-ing and managing male infertility. F1000Res. 2019; 8. F1000 Fac-ulty Rev-670. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.17076.1
Aitken J, Fisher H. Reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: The balance of benefit and risk. Bioessays. 1994; 16(4): 259-267. doi: 10.1002/bies.950160409
Durairajanayagam D, Agarwal A, Ong C, Prashast P. Lyco-pene and male infertility. Asian J Androl. 2014; 16(3): 420-425. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.126384
Palan P, Naz R. Changes in various antioxidant levels in hu-man seminal plasma related to immunoinfertility. Arch Androl. 1996; 36: 139-143. doi: 10.3109/01485019608987090
Goyal A, Chopra M, Lwaleed BA, Birch B, Cooper AJ. The effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on human semi-nal plasma. BJU Int. 2007; 99: 1456-1460. doi: 10.1111/j.1464- 410X.2007.06804.x
Aly HA, El-Beshbishy HA, Banjar ZM. Mitochondrial dys-function induced impairment of spermatogenesis in LPS-treated rats: Modulatory role of lycopene. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012; 677: 31- 38. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.027
Sarkar PD, Gupt T, Sahu A. Comparative analysis of lycopene in oxidative stress. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012; 60: 17-19.
Mangiagalli MG, Martino PA, Smajlovic T, GuidobonoCaval-chini L, Marelli SP. Effect of lycopene on semen quality, fertility and native immunity of broiler breeder. Br Poult Sci. 2010; 51: 152-157. doi: 10.1080/00071660903401540
Mangiagalli MG, Cesari V, Cerolini S, Luzi F, Toschi I. Effect of lycopene supplementation on semen quality and reproductive performance in rabbit. World Rabbit Sci. 2012; 20: 141-148. doi: 10.4995/wrs.2012.1150
Aitken RJ, Irvine DS, Wu FC. Prospective analysis of sperm-oocyte fusion and reactive oxygen species generation as criteria for the diagnosis of infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 164: 542-551. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(11)80017-7
Aly H. Testicular toxicity of gentamicin in adult rats: Amelio-rative effect of lycopene. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2019; 38(11): 1302- 1313. doi: 10.1177/0960327119864160
Tripathy A, Ghosh A, Dey A, Pakhira BP, Ghosh D. Attenu-ation of the cyproterone acetate-induced testicular hypofunction by a novel nutraceutical lycopene: A genomic approach. Androlo-gia. 2017; 49(8). doi: 10.1111/and.12709
Nouri M, Amani R, Nasr-Esfahani M, Tarrahi MJ. The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxi-dative stress in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, place-bo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2019; 33(12): 3203-3211. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6493
Mohanty N, Kumar S, Jha AK, Arora RP. Management of idiopathic oligoasthenospermia with lycopene. Indian J Urol. 2001; 18: 57-61.
Gupta NP, Kumar R. Lycopene therapy in idiopathic male in-fertility--a preliminary report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2002; 34: 369-372. doi: 10.1023/a:1024483520560
Hekimoglu A, Kurcer Z, Aral F, Baba F, Sahna E, Atessahin A. Lycopene, an antioxidant carotenoid, attenuates testicular in-jury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2009; 218(2): 141-147. doi: 10.1620/tjem.218.141
Williams EA, Parker M, Robinson A, Pitt S, Pacey AA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of lactolycopene on semen quality in healthy males. Eur J Nutr. 2019. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02091-5
Filipcikova R, Oborna I, Brezinova J, et al. Lycopene im-proves the distorted ratio between AA/DHA in the seminal plas-ma of infertile males and increases the likelihood of successful pregnancy. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2015; 159(1): 77-82. doi: 10.5507/bp.2013.007
Gracia KC, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H. CVD and oxidative stress. J Clin Med. 2017; 6(2): 22. doi: 10.3390/jcm6020022
García-Fernández E, Rico-Cabanas L, Rosgaard N, Estruch R, Bach-Faig A. Mediterranean diet and cardiodiabesity: A review. Nutrients. 2014; 6(9): 3474-3500. doi: 10.3390/nu6093474
Müller-Nordhorn J, Binting S, Roll S, Willich SN. An update on regional variation in cardiovascular mortality within Europe. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 1316-1326. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm604
Krasinska B, Osińska A, Osinski M, et al. Standardised tomato extract as an alternative to acetylsalicylic acid in patients with pri-mary hypertension and high cardiovascular risk – a randomized, controlled trial. Arch Med Sci. 2018; 14(4): 773-780. doi: 10.5114/ aoms.2017.69864
Wolak T, Paran E. Can carotenoids attenuate vascular ag-ing? Vasc Pharmacol. 2013; 59(3-4): 63-66. doi: 10.1016/j. vph.2013.07.006
Riccioni G, D'Orazio N, Palumbo N, et al. Relationship be-tween plasma antioxidant concentrations and carotid intima-me-dia thickness: The asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease in Manfredonia study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Cardiol. 2009; 16(3): 351-357. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e328325d807
Cheng HM, Koutsidis G, Lodge JK, Ashor AW, Siervo M, Lara J. Lycopene and tomato and risk of cardiovascular dis-eases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epiedemiolog-ical evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 59(1): 141-158. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1362630
Song B, Liu K, Gao Y, et al. Lycopene and risk of cardiovas-cular diseases: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017; 61(9). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601009
Petyaev IM. Lycopene deficiency in ageing and cardio-vascular disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 3218605. doi: 10.1155/2016/3218605
Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens. 2000; 18(6): 655-673. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200018060-00002
Senoner T, Dichtl W. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseas-es: Still a therapeutic target? Nutrients. 2019; 11(9). doi: 10.3390/ nu11092090
Petyaev IM, Zigangirova NA, Pristensky D, et al. Non-inva-sive immunofluorescence assessment of lycopene supplementa-tion status in skin smears. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother. 2018; 37(3). 139-146. doi: 10.1089/mab.2018.0012
Petyaev IM, Pristensky DV, Morgunova EY, et al. Lycopene presence in facial skin corneocytes and sebum and its association with circulating lycopene isomer profile: Effects of age and die-tary supplementation. Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 7(4): 1157-1165. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.799
Groten K, Marini A, Grether-Beck S, et al. Tomato phytonu-trients balance UV response: Results from a double-blind, rand-omized, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2019; 32: 101-108. doi: 10.1159/000497104
Zheng Z, Yin Y, Lu R, Jiang Z. Lycopene ameliorated oxi-dative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Sci. 2019; 84(5): 1194-1200. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14505
Yin Y, Zheng Z, Jiang Z. Effects of lycopene on metabolism of glycolipid in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019; 109: 2070-2077. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.100
Saracoğlu G, Baş H, Pandır D. Furan-induced cardiotoxicity in diabetic rats and protective role of lycopene. J Food Biochem. 2019; 43(3): e12738. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12738
Abdel-Daim MM, Eltaysh R, Hassan A, Mousa SA. Lycopene attenuates tulathromycin and diclofenac sodium-induced cardiot-oxicity in mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(2). pii: E344. doi: 10.3390/ ijms19020344
Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Karaca A, Karatas O. Aflatoxin B1 induced renal and cardiac damage in rats: Protective effect of lycopene. Res Vet Sci. 2018; 119: 268-275. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.007
Mozos I, Stoian D, Caraba A, Malainer C, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG. Lycopene and Vascular Health. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 521. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00521
Hung CF, Huang TF, Chen BH, Shieh JM, Wu PH, Wu WB. Doyle LM Lycopene inhibits TNF-alpha-induced endothelial ICAM-1 ex-pression and monocyte-endothelial adhesion. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008; 586(1-3): 275-282. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.001
Xu XR, Zou ZY, Huang YM, Xiao X, Ma L, Lin XM. Serum carotenoids in relation to risk factors for development of athero-sclerosis. Clin Biochem. 2012; 45(16-17): 1357-1361. doi: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2012.07.101
Kim JY, Paik JK, Kim OY, Park HW, Lee JH, Jang Y. Effects of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress and markers of endothelial function in healthy men. Atherosclerosis. 2011; 215: 189-195. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.036
Tabrez S, Al-Shali KZ, Ahmad S. Lycopene powers the in-hibition of glycation-induced diabetic nephropathy: A novel approach to halt the AGE-RAGE axis menace. Biofactors. 2015; 41(5): 372-381. doi: 10.1002/biof.1238
Thies F, Mills LM, Moir S, Masson LF. Cardiovascular benefits of lycopene: Fantasy or reality? Proc Nutr Soc. 2017; 76(2): 122- 129. doi: 10.1017/S0029665116000744
Wang J, Zou Q, Suo YH, et al. Lycopene ameliorates systemic inflammation-induced synaptic dysfunction via improving insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver-brain axis. Food Funct. 2019; 10(4): 2125-2137. doi: 10.1039/c8fo02460j
Hollman PCH, Cassidy A, Comte B, Heinonen M, et al. The biological relevance of direct antioxidant effects of polyphenols for cardiovascular health in humans is not established. J Nutr. 2011; 141(5): 989S-1009S. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.131490
Naz A, Butt MS, Sultan MT, Qayyum MM, Niaz RS. Water-melon lycopene and allied health claims. EXCLI J. 2014; 13: 650- 660.
Nakamura A, Itaki C, Saito A, et al. Possible benefits of to-mato juice consumption: A pilot study on irradiation human lymphocytes from healthy donors. Nutr J. 2017; 16(1): 27. doi: 10.1186/s12937-017-0248-3
Devaraj S, Mathur S, Basu A, Aung HH, Vasu VT, Meyers S, Jialal I. A dose-response study on the effects of purified lycopene supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008; 27: 267-273. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719699
Panasenko OM, Sharov VS, Briviba K, Sies H. Interaction of peroxynitrite with carotenoids in human low density lipo-proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000; 373: 302-305. doi: 10.1006/ abbi.1999.1424
Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN, Hazan-Halevy I. The ef-fects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009; 23: 145-151. doi: 10.1007/s10557-008-6155-2
Engelhard YN, Gazer B, Paran E. Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hy-pertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am Heart J. 2006; 151: 100. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.05.008
Palozza P, Catalano A, Simone RE, Mele MC, Cittadini A. Ef-fect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012; 61: 126-134. doi: 10.1159/000342077
Misra R, Mangi S, Joshi S, Mittal S, Gupta SK, Pandey RM. LycoRed as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy in lowering serum lipids and oxidative stress markers: a randomized controlled clinicaltrial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2006; 32: 299-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2006.00410.x
Kumar R, Salwe KJ, Kumarappan M. Evaluation of Antiox-idant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic property of lycopene and astaxanthin in atherosclerosis-induced rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017; 9(2): 161-167. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204654
Brito AK, Lima G, Farias LM, et al. Lycopene-rich extract from red guava (Psidium guajava L.) decreases plasma triglycer-ides and improves oxidative stress biomarkers on experimental-ly-induced dyslipidemia in hamsters. Nutrients. 2019; 11(2): 393. doi: 10.3390/nu11020393
Iwamoto A, Kajikawa M, Maruhashi T, et al. Vascular func-tion and intima-media thickness of a leg artery in peripheral ar-tery disease: A comparison of buerger disease and atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016; 23(11): 1261- 1269. doi: 10.5551/jat.35436
O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, et al. Thickening of the carotid wall. A marker for atherosclerosis in the elderly ? Car-diovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Stroke. 1996; 27: 224-231. doi: 10.1161/01.str.27.2.224
Lind L. Flow-mediated vasodilation was found to be an inde-pendent predictor of changes in the carotid plaque status during a 5-year follow-up. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014; 21: 161-168. doi: 10.5551/jat.18572
Gianetti J, Pedrinelli R, Petrucci R, et al. Inverse association between carotid intima-media thickness and the antioxidant lyco-pene in atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 2002; 143(3): 467-474. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2002.120776
Riccioni G, Orazio DN, Palumbo N, et al. Relationship be-tween plasma antioxidant concentrations and carotid intima-me-dia thickness: The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Dis-ease in Manfredonia Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009; 16(3): 351-357.
Karppi J, Kurl S, Ronkainen K, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. Serum carotenoids reduce progression of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery wall among Eastern Finnish men. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5): e64107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064107
Zou ZY, Xu XR, Lin XM, et al. Effects of lutein and lyco-pene on carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese subjects with subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, place-bo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2014; 111(3): 474-480. doi: 10.1017/ S0007114513002730
Elvira-Torales LI, García-Alonso J, Periago-Castón MJ. Nutritional importance of carotenoids and their effect on liver health: A review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019; 8(7). pii: E229. doi: 10.3390/antiox8070229
Gyamfi D, Patel V. Liver metabolism: Biochemical and mo-lecular regulations. In: Preedy VR, Lakshman R, Srirajaskanthan R, Watson RR, eds. Nutrition, Diet Therapy, and the Liver. 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2017: 3-15.
Wilkins T, Tadkod A, Hepburn I, Schade RR. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2013; 88(1): 35-42.
Eritja N, Arjó G, Santacana M, et al. Oral intake of geneti-cally engineered high-carotenoid corn ameliorates hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis in PTEN haploinsufficient mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 2016; 1862(4): 526-535. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.018
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver dis-ease — meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016; 64(1): 73-84. doi: 10.1002/hep.28431
Kim AY, Jeong YJ, Park YB, et al. Dose dependent effects of lycopene enriched tomato-wine on liver and adipose tis-sue in high-fat diet fed rat. Food Chem. 2012; 130(1): 42-48. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.050
Xiao ML, Chen GD, Zeng FF, et al. Higher serum carote-noids associated with improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: A prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018; 58(2): 721-730. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1678-1
Lim JY, Liu C, Hu KQ, et al. Dietary β-cryptoxanthin in-hibits high-refined carbohydrate diet–induced fatty liver via dif-ferential protective mechanisms depending on carotenoid cleav-age enzymes in male mice. J Nutr. 2019; 149(9): 1553-1564. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz106
Bandeira ACB, da Silva RC, Rossoni JV Júnior, et al. Lyco-pene pretreatment improves hepatotoxicity induced by acetami-nophen in C57BL/6 mice. Bioorg Med Chem. 2017; 25(3): 1057- 1065. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.018
Yilmaz B, Sahin K, Bilen H, et al. Carotenoids and non-alco-holic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2015; 4: 161-171. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.11
Heber D, Lu QY. Overview of mechanisms of ac-tion of lycopene. Exp Biol Med. 2002; 227: 920-923. doi: 10.1177/153537020222701013
Stahl W, Heinrich U, Aust O, Tronnier H, Sies H. Lyco-pene-rich products and dietary photoprotection. Photochem Photo-biol Sci. 2006; 5(2): 238-242. doi: 10.1039/b505312a
Bahcecioglu IH, Kuzu N, Metin K, et al. Lycopene prevents development of steatohepatitis in experimental nonalcoholic ste-atohepatitis model induced by high-fat diet. Vet Med Int. 2010; 2010. pii:262179. doi: 10.4061/2010/262179
Chung J, Koo K, Lian F, et al. Apo-10’-lycopenoic acid, a lycopene metabolite, increases sirtuin 1 mRNA and protein levels and decreases hepatic fat accumulation in ob/ob mice. J Nutr. 2012; 142: 405-410. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.150052
Ahn J, Lee H, Jung CH, et al. Lycopene inhibits hepatic steatosis via microRNA-21-induced downregulation of fatty ac-id-binding protein 7 in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012; 56: 1665-1674. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201200182
Wang Y, Ausman LM, Greenberg AS, et al. Dietary lycopene and tomato extract supplementations inhibit nonalcoholic stea-tohepatitis-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Int J Cancer. 2010; 126: 1788-1796. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24689
Ip BC, Hu KQ, Liu C, et al. Lycopene metabolite, apo-10’-ly-copenoic acid, inhibits diethylnitrosamine-initiated, high fat di-et-promoted hepatic inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013; 6(12): 1304-1316. doi: 10.1158/1940- 6207.CAPR-13-0178
Wang J, Zou Q, Suo Y, et al. Lycopene ameliorates systemic inflammation-induced synaptic dysfunction via improving insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liverbrain axis. Food Funct. 2019; 10(4): 13. doi: 10.1039/C8FO02460J
Shimizu Y, Mashima-Nemoto T, Hazawa M, et al. The hepatoprotective effect of lycopene on Con A-induced liver injury in mice. Pharmazie. 2018; 73(7): 393-395. doi: 10.1691/ ph.2018.8437
Li CC, Liu C, Fu M, et al. Tomato powder inhibits hepat-ic steatosis and inflammation potentially through restoring SIRT1 activity and adiponectin function independent of carot-enoid cleavage enzymes in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018; 62(8): e1700738. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700738
Sadek K, Lebda M, Abouzed T, Nasr S, EL-Sayed Y. The molecular and biochemical insight view of lycopene in amelio-rating tramadol-induced liver toxicity in a rat model: implication of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. En-viron Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(33): 33119-33130. doi: 10.1007/ s11356-018-3265-7
Martín-Pozuelo G, Navarro-González I, González-Barrio R, et al. The effect of tomato juice supplementation on biomark-ers and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in rats with induced hepatic steatosis. Eur J Nutr. 2015; 54(6): 933-944. doi: Doyle LM 10.1007/s00394-014-0770-4
Bernal C, Martín-Pozuelo G, Lozano AB, et al. Lipid bio-markers and metabolic effects of lycopene from tomato juice on liver of rats with induced hepatic steatosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2013; 24(11): 1870-1881. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.003
Karaca A, Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Altun S. The effect of lycopene on hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2019: 1-8. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1648516
Zeb A, Haq I. The Protective Role of tomato powder in the toxicity, fatty infiltration and necrosis induced by oxidized tal-low in rabbits. J Food Biochem. 2016; 40(4): 428-435. doi: 10.1111/ jfbc.12234
Piña-Zentella RM, Rosado JL, Gallegos-Corona MA, Madri-gal-Pérez LA, García OP, Ramos-Gomez M. Lycopene improves diet-mediated recuperation in rat model of nonalcoholic fat-ty liver disease. J Med Food. 2016; 19(6): 607-614. doi: 10.1089/ jmf.2015.0123
Kanitakis, J. Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur J Dermatol. 2002; 12(4); 390-401.
Baumann L. Skin ageing and its treatment. J Pathol. 2007; 211(2): 241-251. doi: 10.1002/path.2098
Trautinger F. Mechanisms of photodamage of the skin and its functional consequences for skin ageing. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001; 26: 573-577. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00893.x
Svobodová A, Psotová J, Walterová D. Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. A review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2003; 147(2): 137-145. doi: 10.5507/bp.2003.019
Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Exp Dermatol. 2006; 15 (9): 678-684. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00466.x
Darvin ME, Sterry W, Lademann J, Vergou T. The role of carotenoids in human skin. Molecules. 2011; 16(12): 10491-10506. doi: 10.3390/molecules161210491
Meinke MC, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Lademann J. Bio-availability of natural carotenoids in human skin compared to blood. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010; 76: 269-274. doi: 10.1016/j. ejpb.2010.06.004
Evans JA, Johnson EJ. The role of phytonutrients in skin health. Nutrients. 2010; 2(8): 903-928. doi: 10.3390/nu2080903
Ribaya-Mercado D, Garmyn M, Gilchrest BA, Russell RM. Skin lycopene is destroyed preferentially over β-carotene during ultraviolet irradiation in humans. J Nutr. 1995; 125(7): 1854-1859. doi: 10.1093/jn/125.7.1854
Scarmo S, Cartmel B, Lin H, et al. Significant correlations of dermal total carotenoids and dermal lycopene with their respec-tive plasma levels in healthy adults. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010; 504: 34-39. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.004
Darvin M, Patzelt A, Gehse S, et al. Cutaneous concentra-tion of lycopene correlates significantly with the roughness of the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008; 69(3): 943-947. doi: 10.1016/j. ejpb.2008.01.034
Stahl W, Heinrich U, Wiseman S, Eichler O, Sies H, Tronni-er H. Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light-in-duced erythema in humans. J Nutr. 2001; 131(5): 1449-1451. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.5.1449
Césarini JP, Michel L, Maurette JM, Adhoute H, Béjot M. Immediate effects of UV radiation on the skin: Modification by an antioxidant complex containing carotenoids. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003; 19(4): 182-189. doi: 10.1034/j.1600- 0781.2003.00044.x
Heinrich U, Gärtner C, Wiebusch M, et al. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids pro-tects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr. 2003; 133(1): 98-101. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.1.98
Greul AK, Grundmann JU, Heinrich F, et al. Photoprotec-Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/ tion of UV-irradiated human skin: An antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyani-dins. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2002; 15(5): 307-315. doi: 10.1159/000064534
Koul A, Bansal MP, Chaudhary H, Chugh NA. Lycopene enriched tomato extract suppresses chemically induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019: 1-21. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000597
Eichler O, Sies H, Stahl W. Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradi-ation in human fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol. 2002; 75: 503-506. doi: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0503:dololc>2.0.co;2
Rizwan M, Rodriguez-Blanco I, Harbottle A, Birch-Machin MA, Watson RE, Rhodes LE. Tomato paste rich in lycopene pro-tects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a ran-domized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2011; 164: 154-162. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Stahl W, Krutmann J. Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: Results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Dermatol. 2017; 176: 1231-1240. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15080
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content published in Advances in Food Technology and Nutrition Sciences (AFTNS) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.