Therapeutic Value of Garlic (Allium sativum): A Review

Crossmark: check for updates

Authors

  • Haben Fesseha Department of Veterinary Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine,Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138,Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
  • Eyob Goa College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17140/aftnsoj-5-162

Keywords:

Allium sativum, Therapeutic values, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anticancer, Anticoagulative, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory

Abstract

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a source of medicine in many ways in human beings in routine life as well as in animals and its leaves, flowers, and cloves have been used in traditional medicine for a long time. Research in recent decades has shown widespread pharmacological and therapeutic effects of A. sativum and its organosulfur compounds especially allicin. The most important chemical constituents of this plant are organosulfur compounds such as allicin, diallyl disulphide, S-allylcysteine, and diallyl trisulfide. These chemicals were used for the treatment of inflammation, cancer, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and hyperlipidemia as praised by several authors. Additionally, extracts of garlic have been used to treat various diseases and have shown anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anticoagulative and antioxidant effects. However, few adverse effects have been found with garlic are nausea and vomiting when high quantity consumed. To review the therapeutic values of garlic and its importance in human and veterinary practices. Garlic is safe and rich sources of biologically active compounds with low toxicity. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety and quality of the plants to be used by clinicians as therapeutic agents.

References

Willcox ML, Bodeker G. Plant-based malaria control: research initiative on traditional antimalarial methods. Parasitol Today. 2000; 16(6): 220-221. doi: 10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01678-1

Homsy J, King R, Balaba D, Kabatesi D. Traditional health practitioners are key to scaling up comprehensive care for HIV/ AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS. 2004; 18(12): 1723-1725. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000131380.30479.16

Block E. Garlic Other Alliums: Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing; 2010

Gebreyohannes G, Gebreyohannes M. Medicinal values of garlic: A review. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2013; 5(9): 401-408. 113Review | Volume 5 | Number 3| Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J. 2019; 5(3): 107-117. doi: 10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-162 Fesseha H et al 114 Review | Volume 5 | Number 3|

Houshmand B, Mahjour F, Dianat O. Antibacterial effect of different concentrations of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on dental plaque bacteria. Indian J Dent Res. 2013; 24(1): 71-75. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.114957

Kirha TJ, Thonger T, Kumar S. A Review on the Benefits of Allium sativum on Cancer Prevention. Journal of Cancer Treatment and Research. 2016; 4(5): 34-37. doi: 10.11648/j.jctr.20160405.11

Singha S, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011; 4(4): 288- 293. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60088-6

Reddy GD, Reddy AG, Rao G, Kumar MV. Pharmacokinetic interaction of garlic and atorvastatin in dyslipidemic rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012; 44(2): 246-252. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.93860

Becker PM, Van Wikselaar PG, Mul MF, et al. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is impaired by the garlic volatile allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) in vitro and in-feed garlic alleviates pleuropneumonia in a pig model. Vet Microbiol. 2012; 154(3-4): 316-324. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.011

Cruz C, Correa-Rotter R, Sánchez-González DJ, et al. Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007; 293(5): F1691-F1698. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00235.2007

Londhe V, Gavasane AT, Nipate SS, Bandawane DD, Chaudhari PD. Role of garlic (Allium sativum) in various diseases: An overview. Angiogenesis. 2011; 12: 13

Sovova M, Sova P. Pharmaceutical importance of Allium sativum L. 5. Hypolipemic effects in vitro and in vivo. Ceska Slov Farm. 2004; 53(3): 117-123

Stefanović O, Radojević I, Vasić S, Čomić L. Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants. London, UK: Intech Open; 2012: 1-25

Fritsch RM, Friesen N. Evolution, Domestication and Tax onomy. Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. 2002: 5-30. 10.1079/9780851995106.0005

Leontiev R, Hohaus N, Jacob C, Gruhlke MC, Slusarenko AJ. A comparison of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of thiosulfinate analogues of allicin. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 6763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25154-9

Gruhlke MC, Slusarenko AJ. The biology of reactive sulfur species (RSS). Plant Physiol Biochem. 2012; 59: 98-107. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.03.016

Albrecht F, Leontiev R, Jacob C, Slusarenko A. An optimized facile procedure to synthesize and purify allicin. Molecules. 2017; 22(5): 770. doi: 10.3390/molecules22050770

Bajpai M, Pande A, Tewari S, Prakash D. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of some food and medicinal plants. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005; 56(4): 287-291. doi: 10.1080/09637480500146606

Ensminger ME, Ensminger AH. Foods & Nutrition Encyclope dia, Two Volume Set. Florida, USA: CRC Press; 1993

Hacıseferoğulları H, Özcan M, Demir F, Çalışır S. Some nutritional and technological properties of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of Food Engineering. 2005; 68(4): 463-469. doi: 10.1016/j. jfoodeng.2004.06.024

Kweon S, Park K-A, Choi H. Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Life Sci. 2003; 73(19): 2515-2526. doi: 10.1016/s0024- 3205(03)00660-x

Pacurar M, Krejci G. Garlic Consumption and Health. 2010: 1-60. doi: 10.5772/57191

Timbo BB, Ross MP, McCarthy PV, Lin C-TJ. Dietary supplements in a national survey: Prevalence of use and reports of adverse events. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106(12): 1966-1974. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.002

Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013; 16(10): 10311048

Statistics F. Major food and agricultural commodities and producers. Web site. http://www fao.org. Accessed November 28, 2019

Jabar MA, Al-Mossawi A. Susceptibility of some multiple resistant bacteria to garlic extract. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007; 6(6)

Kainsa S, Kumar P, Rani P. Medicinal plants of Asian origin having anticancer potential: Short review. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2012; 2: 1-7

Benkeblia N. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2004; 37(2): 263-268. doi: 10.1016/j. lwt.2003.09.001

Zain al-abdeen SS, Abdullah IT, Al-Salihi SS. The synergism effect of aqueous garlic extract and ciprofloxacin against some multi-resistant bacteria. J Microbiol Biotech Res. 2013; 3(3)

Avato P, Tursi F, Vitali C, Miccolis V, Candido V. Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Phytomedicine. 2000; 7(3): 239-243. doi: 10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80010-0

Beuchat LR, Ryu J-H, Adler BB, Harrison MD. Death of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157: H7, and Listeria monocytogenes Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J. 2019; 5(3): 107-117. doi: 10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-162 Fesseha H et al 115Review | Volume 5 | Number 3| in shelf-stable, dairy-based, pourable salad dressings. J Food Prot. 2006; 69(4): 801-814. doi: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.801

Adewumi O, Idowu O. Physicochemical, Microbial load and Sensory properties of milk, yoghurt with or without garlic. Nigerian J Anim Sci. 2014; 16(1): 166-172

Dini C, Fabbri A, Geraci A. The potential role of garlic (Allium sativum) against the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis pandemic: A review. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2011; 47: 465-473. doi: 10.4415/ANN_11_04_18

Eja ME, Asikong BE, Abriba C, Arikpo GE, Anwan EE, Enyi-Idoh KH. A comparative assessment of the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and antibiotics on diarrheagenic organisms. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007; 38(2): 343-348

Karuppiah P, Rajaram S. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012; 2(8): 597-601. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60104-X

Jemal K, Abraham A, Feyissa T. The occurrence and distribution of four viruses on garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Ethiopia. Int J Basic Appl Sci. 2015; 4(1): 5-11

Müller AC, Kanfer I. Potential pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals and medicinal plants used as comple mentary and African traditional medicines. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2011; 32(8): 458-470. doi: 10.1002/bdd.775

Zhen H, Fang F, Ye D, et al. Experimental study on the action of allitridin against human cytomegalovirus in vitro: Inhibitory effects on immediate-early genes. Antiviral Res. 2006; 72: 68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.017

Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: A double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther. 2001; 18(4): 189-193. doi: 10.1007/bf02850113

Lemar KM, Aon MA, Cortassa S, O'Rourke B, Müller CT, Lloyd D. Diallyl disulphide depletes glutathione in Candida albicans: oxidative stress-mediated cell death studied by two-photon microscopy. Yeast. 2007; 24(8): 695-706. doi: 10.1002/yea.1503

Appel E, Vallon-Eberhard A, Rabinkov A, et al. Therapy of murine pulmonary aspergillosis with antibody-alliinase conjugates and alliin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010; 54: 898-906. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01267-09

Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Aala F, Sekawi Z, Chong PP. In vitro investigation of antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with azoles against Candida species. Mycopathologia. 2010; 169: 287-295. doi: 10.1007/s11046-009-9251-3

Lanzotti V, Barile E, Antignani V, Bonanomi G, Scala F. Antifungal saponins from bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera. Phytochemistry. 2012; 78: 126-134. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.03.009

Antony ML, Singh SV. Molecular mechanisms and targets of cancer chemoprevention by garlic-derived bioactive compound diallyl trisulfide. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011; 49(11): 805-816

Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Levi F, et al. Onion and garlic use and human cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84(5): 1027-1032. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1027

Hsing AW, Chokkalingam AP, Gao YT, et al. Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: A population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(21): 1648-1651. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.21.1648

Islam M, Kusumoto Y, Al-Mamun MA. Cytotoxicity and cancer (HeLa) cell killing efficacy of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract. J Sci Res. 2011; 3(2): 375-382. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v3i2.6557

Wang HC, Pao J, Lin SY, Sheen LY. Molecular mechanisms of garlic-derived allyl sulfides in the inhibition of skin cancer progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012; 1271(1): 44-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06743.x

Anthony JP, Fyfe L, Smith H. Plant active components–a resource for antiparasitic agents. Trends Parasitol. 2005; 21(10): 462- 468. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.004

Ahmed M, Laing M, Nsahlai I. In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of selected medicinal plants against Haemonchus contortus from sheep. J Helminthol. 2013; 87(2): 174-179. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X1200020X

Lima CM, Freitas FI, Morais LC, Cavalcanti MG, Silva LF, Padilha RJ. Ultrastructural study on the morphological changes to male worms of Schistosoma mansoni after in vitro exposure to allicin. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2011; 44: 327-330. doi: 10.1590/ s0037-86822011005000023

Iqbal Z, Nadeem QK, Khan M, Akhtar M, Waraich FN. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita mexicana and Ficus religiosa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2001; 3(4): 454-457

Dkhil M, Abdel-Baki A, Wunderlich F, Sies H, Al-Quraishy S. Anticoccidial and antiinflammatory activity of garlic in murine Eimeria papillata infections. Vet Parasitol. 2011; 175(1-2): 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.009

Gallwitz H, Bonse S, Martinez-Cruz A, Schlichting I, Schumacher K, Krauth-Siegel RL. Ajoene is an inhibitor and subver sive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: Crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies. J Med Chem. 1999; 42(3): 364-372. doi: 10.1021/jm980471k

Klimpel S, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KA, et al. The effects of different plant extracts on nematodes. Parasitol Res. 2011; Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J. 2019; 5(3): 107-117. doi: 10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-162 Fesseha H et al 116 Review | Volume 5 | Number 3| 108(4): 1047-1054. doi: 10.1007/s00436-010-2168-4

Abdel-Ghaffar F, Semmler M, Al-Rasheid K, et al. The effects of different plant extracts on intestinal cestodes and on trematodes. Parasitol Res. 2011; 108: 979-984. doi: 10.1007/s00436-010- 2167-5

Kalu I, Ofoegbu U, Eroegbusi J, Nwachukwu C, Ibeh B. Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010; 4(6): 496-498

Martinez-Velazquez M, Rosario-Cruz R, Castillo-Herrera G, Flores-Fernandez J, Alvarez A, Lugo-Cervantes E. Acaricidal effect of essential oils from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Verbenaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2011; 48(4): 822-827. doi: 10.1603/me10140

Meriga B, Mopuri R, MuraliKrishna T. Insecticidal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of Allium sativum. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012; 5(5): 391-395. doi: 10.1016/S1995- 7645(12)60065-0

Tedeschi P, Leis M, Pezzi M, Civolani S, Maietti A, Brandolini V. Insecticidal activity and fungitoxicity of plant extracts and components of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and garlic (Allium sativum). J Environ Sci Health B. 2011; 46(6): 486-490. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2011.583868

Ban JO, Lee DH, Kim EJ, et al. Antiobesity effects of a sulfur compound thiacremonone mediated via down-regulation of serum triglyceride and glucose levels and lipid accumulation in the liver of db/db mice. Phytother Res. 2012; 26(9): 1265-1271. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3729

Shih P-C, Kuo C-H, Juang J-Y, Liu C-H, Hsu L, Liu C-T. Effects of garlic oil on the migration of neutrophil-like cell studied by using a chemotactic gradient Labchip. Bio Med Res Int. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/319059

Hodge G, Hodge S, Han P. Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytometry. 2002; 48(4): 209-215. doi: 10.1002/cyto.10133

Chiang Y-H, Jen L-N, Su H-Y, Lii C-K, Sheen L-Y, Liu C-T. Effects of garlic oil and two of its major organosulfur compounds, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, on intestinal damage in rats injected with endotoxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006; 213(1): 46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.08.008

Lin GH, Lee YJ, Choi DY, et al. Anti-amyloidogenic effect of thiacremonone through anti-inflamation in vitro and in vivo models. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 29(3): 659-676. doi: 10.3233/JAD- 2012-111709

Banerjee S, Maulik M, Manchanda S, Dinda A, Das T, Maulik S. Garlic-induced alteration in rat liver and kidney morphology and associated changes in endogenous antioxidant status. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001; 39(8): 793-797. doi: 10.1016/s0278- 6915(01)00018-7

Yin J, Li H. Anaphylaxis caused by younger garlic: Two cases report in China. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007; 119(1): S34. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.151

Chan KC, Yin MC, Chao WJ. Effect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45(3): 502-507. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.005

Coppo E, Marchese A. Antibacterial activity of polyphenols. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2014; 15(4): 380-390. doi: 10.2 174/138920101504140825121142

Radulovic N, Blagojevic P, Stojanovic-Radic Z, Stojanovic N. Antimicrobial plant metabolites: Structural diversity and mechanism of action. Curr Med Chem. 2013; 20(7): 932-952

Stefanović OD. Synergistic activity of antibiotics and bioactive plant extracts: A study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In: Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antibacterial Control. 2018: 23. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.72026

Cai Y, Wang R, Pei F, Liang B. Antibacterial activity of allicin alone and in combination with β-lactams against Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2007; 60: 335-338. doi: 10.1038/ja.2007.45

Palaksha MN, Ahmed M, Das S. Antibacterial activity of garlic extract on streptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli solely and in synergism with streptomycin. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2010; 1: 12-15. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.71666

Ogita A, Nagao Y, Fujita K, Tanaka T. Amplification of vacuole-targeting fungicidal activity of antibacterial antibiotic polymyxin B by allicin, an allyl sulfur compound from garlic. J Antibiot. 2007; 60: 511-518. doi: 10.1038/ja.2007.65

Abubakar E-MM. Efficacy of crude extracts of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) against nosocomial Escherichia coli, Staphylococ cus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniea and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2009; 3(4): 179-185

Berginc K, Žakelj S, Kristl A. In vitro interactions between aged garlic extract and drugs used for the treatment of cardiovascular and diabetic patients. Eur J Nutr. 2010; 49(6): 373-384. doi: 10.1007/s00394-010-0095-x

Friedman T, Shalom A, Westreich M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: Our experience and literature review. Int J Dermatol. 2006; 45(10): 1161-1163. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02860.x Adv Food Technol Nutr Sci Open J. 2019; 5(3): 107-117. doi: 10.17140/AFTNSOJ-5-162 Fesseha H et al 117Review | Volume 5 | Number 3|

Tattelman E. Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician. 2005; 72: 103-106

Hamlaoui-Gasmi S, Mokni M, Limam N, et al. Grape seed and skin extract mitigates garlic-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012; 90(5): 547-556. doi: 10.5897/ JMPR11.1035 Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/

Downloads

Published

2019-12-31

How to Cite

Haben Fesseha, & Eyob Goa. (2019). Therapeutic Value of Garlic (Allium sativum): A Review. Advances in Food Technology and Nutrition Sciences, 5(3), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.17140/aftnsoj-5-162

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 3 (2019): Volume 5 Issue 3 2019

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

All content published in Advances in Food Technology and Nutrition Sciences (AFTNS) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license allows anyone to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work — including for commercial purposes — provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and source.