Precision Drugs are Needed for Precision Medicine to Work

Authors

  • Karel Petrak NangioTx, Inc., Newark, NJ 07102, USA
  • DPhil NangioTx, Inc., Newark, NJ 07102, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17140/CSMMOJ-8-134

Keywords:

Precision medicine, Precision drugs, Molecular targets

Abstract

Precision medicine (PM) tailors disease prevention and treatment to people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles, claiming to target
the right treatments for the right patients at the right time. However, it needs precision drugs with molecular structures that
interact with precisely defined disease targets to do so.

References

Collins FS. Shattuck lecture — medical and societal con-sequences of the human genome project. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(1): 28-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199907013410106

Wade N. A Decade Later, Genetic Map Yields Few New Cures. The New York Times. The New York Times. June 12, 2010: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/health/ research/13genome.html. Accessed December 20, 2018.

Francis S. Collins (@NIHDirector), “I am here at the #Join-Allof Us Twitter chat! Ask me questions on #PrecisionMedicine & the @AllofUsResearch Program for the next 30 minutes,” Perspective | Volume 8 | Number 1| Cancer Stud Mol Med Open J. 2023; 8(1): 1-3. doi: 10.17140/CSMMOJ-8-134 Twitter, May 8, 2018, 10:31 am. https://twitter.com/nihdirector/ status/993906139036356608. Accessed December 20, 2018.

Loos RJF, Janssens A. Predicting polygenic obesity using genet-ic information. Cell Metab. 2017; 25(3): 535-543. doi: 10.1016/j. cmet.2017.02.013

Petrak K. Precision medicine and site-specific drug delivery. Archives in Cancer Research. 2015; 3(3): 1-4. doi: 10.21767/2254- 6081.100026

Petrak K. The difference between targeted drug therapies and targeted-drug therapies. J Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics. 2018; 1(10024): 1-3. doi: 10.31579/2640-1053/032

National Cancer Institute (NCI). targeted therapy. https:// www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ targeted-therapy. Accessed December 22, 2022.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). drug. https://www.cancer. gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/drug. Accessed December 22, 2022.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). cell. https://www.cancer. gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cell. Accessed December 22, 2022.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). chemotherapy. https:// www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ chemotherapy. Accessed December 22, 2022.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). radiation therapy. https:// www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ radiation-therapy. Accessed December 22, 2022.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). monoclonal antibody https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/monoclonal-antibody. Accessed December 22, 2022.

Ladak SS, Chan VW, Easty T, Chagpar A. Right medication, right dose, right patient, right time, and right route: How do we select the right patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device? Pain Manag Nurs. 2007; 8(4): 140-145. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2007.08.001

Renner A, Burotto M, Rojas C. Immune checkpoint inhibitor dosing: Can we go lower without compromising clinical efficacy? J Glob Oncol. 2019; 5: 1-5. doi: 10.1200/JGO.19.00142

National Cancer Institute (NCI). T cell. https://www.can-cer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/t-cell. Ac-cessed December 22, 2022.

D’Alterio C, Scala S, Sozzi G, Roz L, Bertolini G. Paradoxical effects of chemotherapy on tumor relapse and metastasis promo-tion. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020; 60: 351-361. doi: 10.1016/j.semcan-cer.2019.08.019

Inno A, Lo RG, Salgarello M, et al. The evolving landscape Submit your article to this journal | https://openventio.org/submit-manuscript/ Perspective | Volume 8 | Number 1| Petrak K of criteria for evaluating tumor response in the era of cancer im-munotherapy: From Karnofsky to iRECIST. Tumori. 2018; 104(2): 88-95. doi: 10.1177/0300891618766173

Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, et al. Cancer treatment and sur-vivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66(4): 271-289. doi: 10.3322/caac.21349

Burrell RA, Swanton C. Tumour heterogeneity and the evolu-tion of polyclonal drug resistance. Mal Oneal. 2014; 8(6): 1095- 1111. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.005

Easwaran H, Tsai HC, Baylin SB. Cancer epigenetics: Tumor heterogeneity, plasticity of stern-like states, and drug resistance. Mal Cell. 2014; 54(5): 716-727. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.015

Magee JA, Piskounova E, Morrison SJ. Cancer stern cells: Im-pact, hetero geneity, and uncertainty. Cancer Cell. 2012; 21(3): 283- 296. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.003

Sullivan JP, Minna JD, Shay JW. Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stern cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2010; 29(1): 61-72. doi: 10.1007/s10555-010-9216-5

Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Cancer stern cells: Current status and evolving complexities. Cell Stern Cell. 2012; 10(6): 717-728. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.007

Singh A, Settleman J. EMT, cancer stern cells and drug re-sistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene. 2010; 29(34): 4741-4751. doi: 10.1038/onc.2010.215

Shibue T, Weinberg RA, EMT, CSCs, and drug resistance: The mechanistic link and clinical implications. Nat Rev Clin Oneal. 2017; 14 (10): 611-629. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.44

Ombrato L, Malanchi I. The EMT universe: Space between cancer cell dis semination and metastasis initiation. Crit Rev Oncog. 2014; 19(5): 349-361. doi: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011802

Jia D, Li L, Andrew S. An autocrine inflammatory forward-feedback loop after chemotherapy withdrawal facilitates the re-population of drug-resistant breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2017; 8(7): e2932. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.319

Kurtova AV, Xiao J, Mo Q, et al. Blocking PGE2-induced tumour repopulation abrogates bladder cancer chemoresistance. Nature. 2015; 517(7533): 209-213. doi: 10.1038/nature14034

Petrak K. A new paradigm for developing effective anti-can-cer therapeutics. Canc Therapy & Oncol Int J. 2017; 4(5): 555649. doi: 10.19080/CTOIJ.2017.04.555649

Petrak K. A challenge to artificial intelligence: Find molecular structures uniquely and functionally connected to the initiation and progression of diseases. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology. 2020; 4(2): 3-6. doi: 10.31080/ASCB.2020.04.0196

Downloads

Published

2023-02-06

How to Cite

Karel Petrak, & DPhil. (2023). Precision Drugs are Needed for Precision Medicine to Work. Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine , 8(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.17140/CSMMOJ-8-134